بهبود کیفیت بذرهای طبقه مادری حاصل از ارقام ذرت (Zea mays L.) رشد یافته در خاک شور با تلفیق بیوچار، قارچ مایکوریزا و محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت، واحد فسا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فسا، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، واحد فسا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فسا، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه زراعت، واحد فسا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فسا، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: بذر مهم‏ترین نهاده بخش کشاورزی است که زمینه ازدیاد، بقا و گسترش گیاه را فراهم می‏کند. بنابراین شناخت عوامل تاثیرگذار بر تولید بذر و کیفیت آن در مراحل تولید و برداشت دارای اهمیت زیادی است. گزارش­های قبلی نشان می­دهند که کاربرد ترکیب­های اصلاح‌کننده خاک مانند بیوچار، قارچ مایکوریزا آربوسکولار و محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم، می‏توانند سبب بهبود شاخص‏های جوانه‎زنی در بذرهای تولید شده تحت شرایط تنش‌های محیطی به­ویژه تنش شوری شوند. آزمایش‌هایی که تا کنون به­منظور بررسی اثر بیوچار، قارچ‌ مایکوریزا و محلول‌پاشی سیلیسیم بر رشد گیاه و تحمل به تنش شوری انجام شده است، بیش­تر در مورد کاربردهای منفرد هر یک از این اصلاح‌کننده­های خاک بوده است و شواهد کمی از اثرات هم‏افزایی آنها به­ویژه برای گیاهان رشد یافته تحت شرایط خاک شور وجود دارد. هدف از این آزمایش، بررسی اثرات هم‏افزایی بیوچار، قارچ مایکوریزا آربوسکولار و محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم بر بهبود کیفیت بذرهای طبقه مادری ارقام ذرت تحت شرایط خاک شور بود.
مواد و روش ‏ها: این آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شهرستان فسا، استان فارس، در سال 1399 در یک مزرعه تحقیقاتی با هدایت الکتریکی 01/6 دسی­زیمنس بر متر انجام شد. عامل اول سه رقم ذرت شامل رقم زودرس 370، رقم میان­رس 604 و رقم دیررس 704 و عامل دوم منابع اصلاح کننده خاک در هشت سطح شامل بدون کاربرد مواد اصلاح کننده به­عنوان شاهد، بیوچار، قارچ مایکوریزا آربوسکولار، محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم، بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا آربوسکولار، بیوچار+ محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم، قارچ مایکوریزا آربوسکولار+ محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم و بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا آربوسکولار+ محلول‏پاشی سیلیسیم) بود. صفات اندازه­گیری شده نیز شامل غلظت عناصر سدیم و پتاسیم، میزان فعالیت آنزیم آلفا و بتا آمیلاز و شاخص­های جوانه­زنی بذر و رشد گیاهچه بودند. تجزیه­های آماری شامل تجزیه واریانس و مقایسه میانگین­ها با آزمون چند دامنه­ای دانکن در سطح احتمال پنج درصد با استفاده از نرم­افزار SAS نسخه 1/9 انجام شد.
یافته‏ های تحقیق: نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که غلظت سدیم گیاهچه در رقم 704 در تیمار تلفیق بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا + محلول­پاشی سیلیسیم در مقایسه با شاهد کاهش 31 درصدی نشان داد. کاربرد تیمارهای اصلاح کننده خاک به­تنهایی و تلفیق آنها با هم سبب کاهش نسبت سدیم به پتاسیم، هدایت الکتریکی بذر و افزایش غلظت پتاسیم شد. به­ترتیب افزایش 57 و 25 درصدی آنزیم‏های آلفا و بتا آمیلاز در تیمار تلفیق بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا + سیلیسیم در مقایسه با شاهد مشاهده شد. همچنین کاربرد تیمارهای اصلاح کننده خاک به­تنهایی در سطح پایین­تر توانست سبب افزایش معنی‏دار درصد جوانه‏زنی شود. وزن خشک گیاهچه نیز در تیمار تلفیق بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا+ سیلیسیم در رقم­های 604 و 370 به‏ترتیب افزایش 15 و 10 درصدی نشان داد. از سوی دیگر بیش­ترین بنیه بذر و وزن هزار دانه در ارقام ذرت مورد مطالعه نیز در تیمارهای تلفیق بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا+ محلول­پاشی سیلیسیم مشاهده شد.
نتیجه ‏گیری: در مجموع نتایج این آزمایش تأثیر مثبت منابع اصلاح کننده خاک را در بهبود صفات و شاخص­های مختلف جوانه­زنی و رشد گیاهچه ارقام ذرت نشان داد. بر اساس این نتایج، کاربرد تلفیقی بیوچار+ قارچ مایکوریزا+ محلول­پاشی سیلیسیم به­منظور بهبود کیفیت بذر تولیدی در ارقام ذرت تحت شرایط تنش شوری توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Improving the quality of mother seeds of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in saline soil using combination of biochar, mycorrhizal fungus and silicon foliar application

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sajad Ghaedi Kachouei 1
  • Mehdi Madandoust 2
  • Mahmood Dejam 3
  • Farhad Mohajeri 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The seed is the most important input of the agricultural section, which provides the reproduction, survival and extension of the plant. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting seed production and its quality at the production and harvesting stages is very important. Previous reports show that the use of soil modifier compounds such as biochar, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and silicon foliar application can improve the germination indices of produced seeds under environmental stressess conditions, especially salinity stress. So far, the experiments conducted to investigate the effect of biochar, mycorrhizal fungus and silicon foliar application on plant growth and salinity stress tolerance have mostly been about the individual applications of each of these soil modifiers, and there is little evidence of their synergistic effects, especially for plants grown under saline soil conditions. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the synergistic effects of biochar, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and silicon foliar application on improving the quality of mother class seeds of maize variety under saline soil conditions.
 
Materials and methods
This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research field with an electrical conductivity of 6.01 dS.m-1, in Fasa city, Fars province, in 2020. The first factor was three varieties of maize, including early- maturity variety 370, mid-maturity variety 604, and late-maturity variety 704, and the second factor was soil modifier compounds in eight levels, including no-application of modifier compounds as control, biochar, AMF, silicon foliar application, biochar + AMF, biochar + silicon, AMF + silicon and biochar + AMF + silicon. The measured traits included the concentration of sodium and potassium, activity of alpha and beta amylase enzymes, and seed germination and seedling growth indices. Statistical analyzes including analysis of variance and comparison of means were performed with Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% probability level using SAS software ver. 9.1.
 
Research findings
The results of this experiment showed that sodium concentration of seedling in cultivar 704 was reduced by 31% in the combined treatment of biochar + mycorrhizal fungus + silicon foliar application compared to the control treatment. The use of soil modifier treatments alone and in combination caused a decrease in the ratio of sodium to potassium, electrical conductivity of seeds as well as an increase in potassium concentration. An increase of 57% and 25% of alpha and beta amylase enzymes was observed in the combined treatment of biochar + mycorrhizal fungus + silicon foliar application compared to the control treatment. Also, application of soil modifier resources alone at a lower level could cause a significant increase in germination percentage. Seedling dry weight in the combined treatment of biochar + mycorrhizal fungus + silicon foliar application showed an increase of 15% and 10% in varieties 604 and 370, respectively. On the other hand, the highest seed germination and 1000-grain weight in the studied corn varieties were also observed in the combined treatments of biochar + mycorrhizal fungus + silicon foliar application.
 
Conclusion
In total, the results of this experiment showed the positive effect of soil modifier sources in improving of germination characteristics and seedling growth indices of corn varieties. Based on these results, the combined application of biochar + mycorrhizal fungus + silicon foliar application is recommended to improve the quality of seed production in corn varieties under salt stress conditions.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Electrical conductivity
  • Germination percentage
  • Seed vigor
  • Soil modifier resources
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