اثر تاریخ کاشت و کودهای نیتروژن و روی بر صفات فنولوژیک، عملکرد و کیفیت دانه گندم در شرایط اقلیمی اهواز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه علمی کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علمی کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

10.22124/cr.2023.24668.1771

چکیده

مقدمه: عملکرد گندم آبی در استان خوزستان با پتانسیل تولید آن فاصله دارد، اما به­نظر می­رسد که با مدیریت­های به­زراعی صحیح می­توان اثرات محیطی را به­گونه­ای جهت­دهی کرد و عملکرد گندم را افزایش داد. در این زمینه، مدیریت تاریخ کاشت و عناصر غذایی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. با این­حال، استفاده کم و یا بیش از حد از نیتروژن باعث کاهش عملکرد دانه در شرایط دمای بالا می­شود و علاوه بر این، استفاده زیاد از نیتروژن می­تواند سبب آلودگی زیست­محیطی شود. به این ترتیب، تعیین دقیق سطح مطلوب نیتروژن برای تاریخ­های کاشت متفاوت ضروری است. هدف از اجرای این آزمایش، مطالعه اثر تاریخ کاشت و کاربرد کودهای نیتروژن و روی بر رشد و عملکرد گندم بود.
مواد و روش ­ها: به­منظور بررسی اثر تاریخ­های کاشت و کاربرد کودهای نیتروژن و روی بر رشد و تولید دانه گندم (رقم چمران)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 98-1397 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه کشاورزی خوزستان اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار اجرا شد. تاریخ کاشت در سه سطح (اول آذر، 20 آذر و 10 دی) در کرت­های اصلی، نیتروژن در چهار سطح (صفر، 75، 150 و 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کرت­های فرعی و روی در سه سطح (صفر، 10 و 20 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کرت­های فرعی فرعی قرار گرفتند. صفات ارزیابی شده شامل وزن دانه، تعداد دانه در واحد سطح، تعداد روز از کاشت تا گرده­افشانی، تعداد روز از گرده­افشانی تا رسیدگی، عملکرد دانه، درصد پروتئین دانه، میزان روی دانه، سرعت تجمع پروتئین دانه، سرعت پر شدن دانه و طول دوره­ پرشدن دانه بود.
یافته­ های تحقیق: نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده­ها نشان داد که اثر سه جانبه تاریخ کاشت × نیتروژن × روی بر تمامی صفات مورد مطالعه، به­جز تعداد دانه در واحد سطح که فقط تحت تاثیر سطوح نیتروژن قرار گرفت، در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی­دار بود. بیش­ترین عملکرد دانه گندم (7486 کیلوگرم در هکتار) متعلق به تاریخ کاشت اول آذرماه و سطح دوم نیتروژن (75 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و روی (10 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. کاشت در 20 آذر و 10 دی به­ترتیب باعث کاهش حدود 23 و 40 درصدی عملکرد دانه­ گندم شد. مصرف کودهای شیمیایی در تاریخ کاشت تاخیری تا حدودی سبب جبران کاهش عملکرد دانه شد، به­طوری که مصرف 75، 150 و 225 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در تاریخ کاشت 20 آذر، به­ترتیب موجب افزایش 44، 52 و 55 درصدی عملکرد دانه گندم شد. با تاخیر کشت از اول آذر به 10 دی، سرعت پر شدن دانه و درصد پروتئین دانه به­ترتیب 19 درصد و 25 درصد افزایش یافت، ولی مدت پر شدن دانه (28 درصد)، وزن دانه (20 درصد)، سرعت تجمع پروتئین (27 درصد)، عملکرد پروتئین (50 درصد) و محتوای روی دانه (3 درصد) کاهش یافت. بیش­ترین سرعت پر شدن دانه (37/1 میلی­گرم در روز) و بالاترین محتوای پروتئین دانه (7/12 درصد) گندم در تاریخ کاشت 10 دی و با مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 10 کیلوگرم روی به­دست آمد. همچنین، بیش­ترین طول دوره پرشدن دانه گندم (1/46 روز) در تاریخ کاشت اول (اول آذرماه) مشاهده شد، اما تفاوت معنی­داری بین سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و روی در این زمینه وجود نداشت.
نتیجه ­گیری: در مجموع نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که برای جلوگیری از مواجهه گندم با دماهای بالا طی دوره­ پر شدن دانه در منطقه مورد مطالعه، بهتر است کشت در اول آذرماه انجام شود. در کشت­های تاخیری، استفاده از 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن و 10 کیلوگرم در هکتار روی می­تواند تا حدودی اثرات منفی دمای بالا را جبران کند. تأخیر در کاشت به­دلیل تسریع دوره پر شدن دانه موجب افزایش محتوای پروتئین دانه شد، اما عملکرد کل پروتئین را کاهش داد که نشان می‌دهد عملکرد پروتئین (کیلوگرم در هکتار) بیش­تر به عملکرد دانه وابسته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of planting date and nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on phenological traits, and grain yield and quality of bread wheat in Ahvaz climatic conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamdollah Eskandari 1
  • Seyed Nader Mosavian 2
  • Kamyar Kazemi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture, Payam-e- Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Departmrnt of Agriculture, Payam-e- Noor University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
There is a considerable gap between the grain yield of bread wheat and its production potential in Khuzestan province, but it seems that the yield of wheat can be increased with proper direction of environmental effects through suitable agronomical management. In this regard, planting date and nutrient application are very important. However, the application of little or much nitrogen reduces the grain yield under high temperature conditions, and in addition, using too much nitrogen can cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine the optimal level of nitrogen for different planting dates. The objective of the current experiment was to study the effect of planting date and application of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat.
Materials and methods
To investigate the effect of planting dates and the application of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat (cv. Chamran), an experiment was conducted in experimental field of Khuzestan Agricultural University, Khuzestan province, Iran, during 2018-19 growing season. The experiment was carried out as split-split plots in randomized complete plot design with four replications. Planting date at three levels (Nov. 22, Dec. 11, and Dec. 31) were considered as main plots, nitrogen at four levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg.ha-1) as sub-plots, and zinc at three levels (0, 10, and 20 kg.ha-1) as sub-sub-plots. The evaluated traits were including grain weight, number of grains per unit area, number of days from planting to pollination, number of days from pollination to maturity, grain yield, grain protein percentage, grain zinc content, grain protein accumulation rate, grain filling rate and grain filling period.
Research findings
The results of analysis of variance showed that three-way interaction of planting date × nitrogen × zinc was significant on all studied traits at 1% probability level, except for number of grains per unit area which was only affected by nitrogen levels. The highest wheat grain yield (7486 kg.ha-1) was belonged to the first planting date (Nov 22) along with the second level of nitrogen (75 kg.ha-1) and zinc (10 kg.ha-1). The delay in planting led to a decrease in grain yield, so that planting on Dec. 11 and Dec. 31 caused a decrease of about 23 and 40 percent in wheat grain yield, respectively. The application of chemical fertilizers at delayed planting date led to a certain extent to compensate for the decrease in grain yield, so that the application of 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen on the planting date of Dec. 11 increased grain yield of wheat by 44%, 52% and 55%, respectively. With the delay of planting from Nov. 22 to Dec. 31, grain filling rate and grain protein percentage increased by 19% and 25%, respectively, but the grain filling period (28%), grain weight (20%), protein accumulation rate (27%), protein yield (50%) and grain zinc content (3%) decreased. The highest grain filling rate (1.37 mg.day-1) and the highest grain protein content (12.7%) of wheat were obtained on the planting date of Dec. 31 along with 150 kg.ha-1 N and 10 kg.ha-1 Zn. Also, the highest grain filling period (46.1 days) was observed on the first planting date (Nov. 22), but there was no significant difference among different levels of nitrogen and zinc in this regard.
Conclusion
In total, the results of the current experiments showed that to avoid exposure of wheat to high temperatures during the grain filling period in the studied region, it is better to do planting on earlier date (Nov. 22). In delayed planting dates, using 150 kg.ha-1 N and 10 kg.ha-1 Zn can relatively compensate for the negative effects of high temperature after anthesis. The delay in planting, increased the grain protein content due to the acceleration of the grain filling period, however, it decreased total protein yield, which shows that the protein yield (kg.ha-1) is more dependent on the grain yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain filling period
  • Grain production
  • Grain protein
  • Grain zinc conten

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تحقیقات غلات
دوره 12، شماره 4
اسفند 1401
صفحه 349-366

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