University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Investigation of some germination characteristics, Biochemical traits and expression of antioxidant genes in bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage under mercury metal stress Investigation of some germination characteristics, Biochemical traits and expression of antioxidant genes in bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage under mercury metal stress 103 119 4615 10.22124/cr.2020.17170.1614 FA Hourieh Najafi M. Sc. Student, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Saied Navabpour Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Khalil Zainalinezhad Assist. Prof., Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 19 Heavy metal pollution is one of the most important global causes of soil pollution. Metallic contaminants, even in low concentrations, are carcinogenic due to their non-degradable nature and their physiological effects on living organisms and humans. Seed germination is one of the most important stages in the life cycle plants that respons to environmental factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this experiment was to assess the germination characteristics, biochemical traits and expression of antioxidant genes in bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage under mercury metal stress. The experiment was conducted in split plots based on completely randomized design with three replications in which mercury stress in four levels (including no-application as control and application of 5, 10 and 15 μM mercury chloride) and wheat genotypes in three levels (including Gonbad, Morvarid and N9108 genotypes) were considered as main- and sub-factors, respectively. The results showed that with increasing mercury chloride stress, germination indices as well as morphological and biochemical traits in all three wheat genotypes had a decreasing trend and this decrease in different genotypes was significantly different. Line N9108 had better conditions under mercury metal stress in terms of all measured traits. The expression of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase genes in line N9108 was also higher than the other genotypes, which can indicate the superiority of this line than the other two wheat genotypes under mercury chloride stress conditions. Heavy metal pollution is one of the most important global causes of soil pollution. Metallic contaminants, even in low concentrations, are carcinogenic due to their non-degradable nature and their physiological effects on living organisms and humans. Seed germination is one of the most important stages in the life cycle plants that respons to environmental factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this experiment was to assess the germination characteristics, biochemical traits and expression of antioxidant genes in bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage under mercury metal stress. The experiment was conducted in split plots based on completely randomized design with three replications in which mercury stress in four levels (including no-application as control and application of 5, 10 and 15 μM mercury chloride) and wheat genotypes in three levels (including Gonbad, Morvarid and N9108 genotypes) were considered as main- and sub-factors, respectively. The results showed that with increasing mercury chloride stress, germination indices as well as morphological and biochemical traits in all three wheat genotypes had a decreasing trend and this decrease in different genotypes was significantly different. Line N9108 had better conditions under mercury metal stress in terms of all measured traits. The expression of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase genes in line N9108 was also higher than the other genotypes, which can indicate the superiority of this line than the other two wheat genotypes under mercury chloride stress conditions.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4615_c14534fba100165251579dfd65eb8260.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis of microRNAs involved in grain development of Iranian wheat cultivars with different bread-making quality Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis of microRNAs involved in grain development of Iranian wheat cultivars with different bread-making quality 121 133 4616 10.22124/cr.2020.16123.1585 FA Reza Samimifard Ph. D Graduate, Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Babak Rabiei Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Bahram Maleki Zanjani Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Jalal Saba Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Abbas Bahari Assist. Prof., Modern Biological Technologies Institute, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 03 The bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) quality is highly dependent on the presence and composition of the gluten proteins in the grain. In this research, bread-making quality of four Iranian bread wheat cultivars (Morvarid, Sardari, Parsi, and Sepahan) was ranked from the highest to lowest based on farinographic and chemical analyses of the wheat flour and bread specific volume. To identify and compare miRNAs involved in grain development between Iranian wheat cultivars with good and poor bread-making quality, RNA-seq data of seven wheat cultivars (four cultivars with good quality and three with poor) at two grain developmental stages were downloaded and analyzed from the NCBI database. Five conserved miRNAs were selected from the identified miRNAs and their expression pattern at two grain developmental stages (10 and 20 days after anthesis) were evaluated in four Iranian wheat cultivars using Real Time PCR. The results showed that the expression pattern of miR159a, miR164a, miR172a and miR827a during grain development in all studied cultivars had an increasing trend, while the expression pattern of miR396c showed a decreasing trend. miR164a and miR396c showed the highest and lowest relative expression in Sepahan and Morvarid (with the lowest and highest 1000-grain weight), respectively, which can be due to their negative regulatory roles on grain size. Also, with increasing the baking quality of the studied cultivars, the relative expression of miR159a and miR172a involved in the synthesis of starch and grain storage proteins, respectively, reduced and the expression of miR827a involved in the remobilization of nitrogen from leaves to grains, increased indicating negative effects of miR159a and miR172a and positive effect of miR827a on the bread-making quality of wheat cultivars. The bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) quality is highly dependent on the presence and composition of the gluten proteins in the grain. In this research, bread-making quality of four Iranian bread wheat cultivars (Morvarid, Sardari, Parsi, and Sepahan) was ranked from the highest to lowest based on farinographic and chemical analyses of the wheat flour and bread specific volume. To identify and compare miRNAs involved in grain development between Iranian wheat cultivars with good and poor bread-making quality, RNA-seq data of seven wheat cultivars (four cultivars with good quality and three with poor) at two grain developmental stages were downloaded and analyzed from the NCBI database. Five conserved miRNAs were selected from the identified miRNAs and their expression pattern at two grain developmental stages (10 and 20 days after anthesis) were evaluated in four Iranian wheat cultivars using Real Time PCR. The results showed that the expression pattern of miR159a, miR164a, miR172a and miR827a during grain development in all studied cultivars had an increasing trend, while the expression pattern of miR396c showed a decreasing trend. miR164a and miR396c showed the highest and lowest relative expression in Sepahan and Morvarid (with the lowest and highest 1000-grain weight), respectively, which can be due to their negative regulatory roles on grain size. Also, with increasing the baking quality of the studied cultivars, the relative expression of miR159a and miR172a involved in the synthesis of starch and grain storage proteins, respectively, reduced and the expression of miR827a involved in the remobilization of nitrogen from leaves to grains, increased indicating negative effects of miR159a and miR172a and positive effect of miR827a on the bread-making quality of wheat cultivars.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4616_4e51fd307b05fc33082a231ab02052c6.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Grain yield stability of durum wheat genotypes in semi-warm rainfed regions Grain yield stability of durum wheat genotypes in semi-warm rainfed regions 135 147 4617 10.22124/cr.2020.16274.1589 FA Rahmatollah Karimizadeh Research Assist. Prof., Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gachsaran, Iran Tahmasp Hosseinpour Research Assist. Prof., Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Khorramabad, Iran Peyman Sharifi Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Jabar Alt Jafarby Research Lacturer, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gonbad, Iran Kamal Shahbazi Homonlo Research Lecturer, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Moghan, Iran Kavoos Keshavarzi Research Assist. Prof., Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yasouj, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 25 Knowlege of genotype × environment interactions helps breeders to select the best genotypes for different regions.The main objective of this research was to obtain high yielding durum wheat genotypes selected from several elite lines so that can be compatible to climatic conditions of the tropical and subtropical rainfed regions and superior to check varieties. In this research, 16 durum wheat genotypes selected from advanced yield trials along with two check cultivars, Dehdasht and Seimareh, were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications for three cropping seosons (2013-2016) in four locations (Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khoramabad and Moghan). Combined analysis of variance indicated that main effects of genotype, year and location and interactions of year × location and genotype × year × location were significant at 1% probability level. AMMI analysis of variance also showed that the first four principal components were significant and explained about 81% of the total variance of genotype × environment interaction. The highest grain yield was observed in genotype 6 (3592 kg.ha-1) and the lowest in genotype 18 (3229 kg.ha-1). Environments 10, 8, 11 and 12 with long vectors had high resolution ability. The results of this study based on AMMI indices showed that genotypes 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 with higher grain yield than the total mean in most environment were stable and superior genotypes in this experiments. Among them, genotype 13 with suitable general adaptability can be a promising genotype and a candidate to introduce a new cultivar for tropical and subtropical rainfed areas. Knowlege of genotype × environment interactions helps breeders to select the best genotypes for different regions.The main objective of this research was to obtain high yielding durum wheat genotypes selected from several elite lines so that can be compatible to climatic conditions of the tropical and subtropical rainfed regions and superior to check varieties. In this research, 16 durum wheat genotypes selected from advanced yield trials along with two check cultivars, Dehdasht and Seimareh, were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications for three cropping seosons (2013-2016) in four locations (Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khoramabad and Moghan). Combined analysis of variance indicated that main effects of genotype, year and location and interactions of year × location and genotype × year × location were significant at 1% probability level. AMMI analysis of variance also showed that the first four principal components were significant and explained about 81% of the total variance of genotype × environment interaction. The highest grain yield was observed in genotype 6 (3592 kg.ha-1) and the lowest in genotype 18 (3229 kg.ha-1). Environments 10, 8, 11 and 12 with long vectors had high resolution ability. The results of this study based on AMMI indices showed that genotypes 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 with higher grain yield than the total mean in most environment were stable and superior genotypes in this experiments. Among them, genotype 13 with suitable general adaptability can be a promising genotype and a candidate to introduce a new cultivar for tropical and subtropical rainfed areas.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4617_491ccb89354ec149df42658bbb0afa7d.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Assessing morpho-phenological characteristics of synthetic hexaploid wheats Assessing morpho-phenological characteristics of synthetic hexaploid wheats 149 165 4618 10.22124/cr.2020.15856.1581 FA Ali Izanloo Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Somayeh َAlipour Moghadam M. Sc. Graduate, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Mohammad Ghader Ghaderi Assist. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Alireza Samadzadeh Instructor, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Journal Article 2020 03 13 Synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs), amphiploids resulting from the crosses between durum wheat and Aegilops species, are valuable resources for enhancing wheat genetic diversity and useful for the exploitation of alleles outside the primary wheat gene pool. In this research, 50 SHW lines along with five bread wheat cultivars as controls (Onfarm4, Arg, Ofogh, Narin, Backcross Roshan) were evaluated based on different morpho-phenological traits in the laboratory and research field of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between different genotypes for the studied traits except for the tiller number, indicating the existence of genetic diversity among genotypes. The estimated heritability for different traits ranged from 26% to 90%. Comparison of mean between SHW lines and the control cultivars showed that there were statistically significant differences for most of the studied traits except for spike length, tiller number and 1000-grain weight. Cluster analysis based on Ward's minimum variance method classified the studied genotypes into three clusters. Biplot diagram based on two principal components that accounted for 53.09% of the total variations also confirmed the grouping from the cluster analysis. The results of this study showed that the general superiority was related to the control cultivars, but high genetic diversity was observed among the synthetic wheat lines for many of the studied traits and therefore the superior lines for important traits can be selected as parents to produce new wheat cultivars in the future breeding programs. Synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs), amphiploids resulting from the crosses between durum wheat and Aegilops species, are valuable resources for enhancing wheat genetic diversity and useful for the exploitation of alleles outside the primary wheat gene pool. In this research, 50 SHW lines along with five bread wheat cultivars as controls (Onfarm4, Arg, Ofogh, Narin, Backcross Roshan) were evaluated based on different morpho-phenological traits in the laboratory and research field of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between different genotypes for the studied traits except for the tiller number, indicating the existence of genetic diversity among genotypes. The estimated heritability for different traits ranged from 26% to 90%. Comparison of mean between SHW lines and the control cultivars showed that there were statistically significant differences for most of the studied traits except for spike length, tiller number and 1000-grain weight. Cluster analysis based on Ward's minimum variance method classified the studied genotypes into three clusters. Biplot diagram based on two principal components that accounted for 53.09% of the total variations also confirmed the grouping from the cluster analysis. The results of this study showed that the general superiority was related to the control cultivars, but high genetic diversity was observed among the synthetic wheat lines for many of the studied traits and therefore the superior lines for important traits can be selected as parents to produce new wheat cultivars in the future breeding programs.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4618_c2a8f45a7da39e955284783d1110299e.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Analysis of canonical correlation of physiological traits with phonological and root traits in different bread wheat genotypes Analysis of canonical correlation of physiological traits with phonological and root traits in different bread wheat genotypes 167 180 4619 10.22124/cr.2020.16448.1599 FA Behnam Tahmasebpour Ph. D. Student, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Soudabeh Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Alireza Tarinejad Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Seyede Yalda Raeesi Sadati Ph. D. Student, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2020 05 03 To estimate the relationships and correlations among different traits in wheat, 30 bread wheat genotypes were studied in two separate experiments in greenhouse and field under two conditions (non-stress and drought stress at the beginning of flowering stage). The experimental design in both greenhouse and field conditions was a split plot design in which drought stress and wheat genotype were considered as the main- and sub-factor, respectively, but the basic design in the greenhouse was completely randomized design and in the field was randomized complete block design both with three replications. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation under both non-stress and drought stress conditions between pairs of canonical variables resulting from physiological traits with root and phenological traits, so that in the field conditions, the first canonical function for physiological traits (V1) was most affected by number of days to 50% flowering and grain filling rate, but for phonological traits (W1) by catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), malondialdehyde (MDA), leaf H2O2 and proline contents. In contrast under greenhouse conditions, the first canonical function for root traits (V1) was more affected by proline, leaf H2O2, MDA, POX, CAT, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-a contents, while for physiological traits (W1) by root dry weight. The results of this experiment showed that to select drought tolerant cultivars under both non-stress and drought stress conditions, increasing root dry weight by increasing MDA concentration, leaf H2O2 content, proline content, POX and CAT and decreasing total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-a under greenhouse conditions and increasing grain filling rate by increasing CAT, POX and proline and decreasing MDA and H2O2 under field conditions can be considered as appropriate selection criteria. To estimate the relationships and correlations among different traits in wheat, 30 bread wheat genotypes were studied in two separate experiments in greenhouse and field under two conditions (non-stress and drought stress at the beginning of flowering stage). The experimental design in both greenhouse and field conditions was a split plot design in which drought stress and wheat genotype were considered as the main- and sub-factor, respectively, but the basic design in the greenhouse was completely randomized design and in the field was randomized complete block design both with three replications. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation under both non-stress and drought stress conditions between pairs of canonical variables resulting from physiological traits with root and phenological traits, so that in the field conditions, the first canonical function for physiological traits (V1) was most affected by number of days to 50% flowering and grain filling rate, but for phonological traits (W1) by catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), malondialdehyde (MDA), leaf H2O2 and proline contents. In contrast under greenhouse conditions, the first canonical function for root traits (V1) was more affected by proline, leaf H2O2, MDA, POX, CAT, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-a contents, while for physiological traits (W1) by root dry weight. The results of this experiment showed that to select drought tolerant cultivars under both non-stress and drought stress conditions, increasing root dry weight by increasing MDA concentration, leaf H2O2 content, proline content, POX and CAT and decreasing total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-a under greenhouse conditions and increasing grain filling rate by increasing CAT, POX and proline and decreasing MDA and H2O2 under field conditions can be considered as appropriate selection criteria.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4619_5f75a75d56d77c90000137f46aa674ea.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Evaluating the efficacy of new slow released herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + pretilachlor in weed control in transplanted rice Evaluating the efficacy of new slow released herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + pretilachlor in weed control in transplanted rice 181 192 4620 10.22124/cr.2020.16880.1607 FA Bijan Yaghoubi Assoc. Prof., Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Hoda Abadian Assist. Prof., Deputy of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Amol, Iran Farzin Pouramir Assist. Prof., Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Fatemeh Mansourpour B. Sc., Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran. Journal Article 2020 06 21 The diversity of paddy weeds has led to the use of herbicide mixtures with different mechanisms of action to increase the efficacy of chemical management. The new herbicide pirazchlor (tablet 17%) is a pre-mixture of pyrazo-sulfuron-ethyl from sulfonyl-ureas with pretilachlor from chloro-acetamides which has been introduced in the form of slow released 5 g tablets to control weeds in transplanted rice. In this study, the efficacy of 191, 383, 574 and 765 g ai.ha-1 (g active ingredient per ha) pirazchlor in comparison with the common herbicides, pretilachlor (EC 50%, 750 g ai.ha-1) + bensulfuron methyl (bensulfuron, DF 60%, 35 g ai.ha-1), thiobencarb (EC 50%, 2500 g ai.ha-1) + bensulfuron, triafamone + ethoxysulfuron (council, WG 30%, 30 g ai.ha-1), along with two check treatments (without control and hand weeded control) were investigated on weed control and rice yield. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications in research fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces, Iran, in 2018. The results showed that weeds control and rice yield were affected by treatment, location and treatment × location interaction. In Mazandaran, biomass and density of weeds was about one-tenth of Guilan and the efficacy of all herbicides was ≥95%. In Guilan, the efficacy of herbicides in reducing the density of Echinochloa crus galli (≥88%) was higher than that of Bolboschoenus planiculmis (51-97%). The efficacy of pirazchlor at doses of 383 g ai.ha-1 or above was similar to or better than the common herbicides. Grain yield loss (economic damage of weeds) in the check treatment of without weed control in Mazandaran and Guilan was 25% and 78%, respectively, compared to hand weeded control. The highest paddy yield in Guilan and Mazandaran was 4450 and 5001 kg.ha-1, which were obtained in doses of 765 and 363 (g ai.ha-1), respectively, and were similar to or more than the common herbicide treatments and about 10% more than the hand weeded control. The diversity of paddy weeds has led to the use of herbicide mixtures with different mechanisms of action to increase the efficacy of chemical management. The new herbicide pirazchlor (tablet 17%) is a pre-mixture of pyrazo-sulfuron-ethyl from sulfonyl-ureas with pretilachlor from chloro-acetamides which has been introduced in the form of slow released 5 g tablets to control weeds in transplanted rice. In this study, the efficacy of 191, 383, 574 and 765 g ai.ha-1 (g active ingredient per ha) pirazchlor in comparison with the common herbicides, pretilachlor (EC 50%, 750 g ai.ha-1) + bensulfuron methyl (bensulfuron, DF 60%, 35 g ai.ha-1), thiobencarb (EC 50%, 2500 g ai.ha-1) + bensulfuron, triafamone + ethoxysulfuron (council, WG 30%, 30 g ai.ha-1), along with two check treatments (without control and hand weeded control) were investigated on weed control and rice yield. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications in research fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces, Iran, in 2018. The results showed that weeds control and rice yield were affected by treatment, location and treatment × location interaction. In Mazandaran, biomass and density of weeds was about one-tenth of Guilan and the efficacy of all herbicides was ≥95%. In Guilan, the efficacy of herbicides in reducing the density of Echinochloa crus galli (≥88%) was higher than that of Bolboschoenus planiculmis (51-97%). The efficacy of pirazchlor at doses of 383 g ai.ha-1 or above was similar to or better than the common herbicides. Grain yield loss (economic damage of weeds) in the check treatment of without weed control in Mazandaran and Guilan was 25% and 78%, respectively, compared to hand weeded control. The highest paddy yield in Guilan and Mazandaran was 4450 and 5001 kg.ha-1, which were obtained in doses of 765 and 363 (g ai.ha-1), respectively, and were similar to or more than the common herbicide treatments and about 10% more than the hand weeded control.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4620_317527292fe744838edf7d85522682e9.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 2 2020 08 22 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the equipping and renovation plan on the development of mechanization of rice cultivation in Guilan province (A case study: Amlash county) Evaluation of the effectiveness of the equipping and renovation plan on the development of mechanization of rice cultivation in Guilan province (A case study: Amlash county) 193 205 4622 10.22124/cr.2020.16401.1595 FA Tahereh Bahmani M. Sc. Student, Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Saeed Firouzi Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agricultural Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 28 Equipping and renovation of paddy field projects are known as an important infrastructure provisions in the development of mechanization of rice cultivation. In this regard, a survey study was conducted to evaluate the impact of equipping and renovation projects of paddy fields on the development of mechanization of rice cultivation in Amlash County, Guilan Province. Accordingly, using the Bartlett minimum sample size table, the sample sizes for two groups of farmers employed in traditional and equipped paddy fields were determined to be as 105 and 160, respectively. The research samples were selected using multi-stage stratified sampling method. The research data were gathered using a self-structured questionnaire as the data collection tool. Results showed that the degree of mechanization of rice transplanting and harvesting operations in equipped paddy fields were higher than those of traditional paddy fields, in all three groups of small ( Equipping and renovation of paddy field projects are known as an important infrastructure provisions in the development of mechanization of rice cultivation. In this regard, a survey study was conducted to evaluate the impact of equipping and renovation projects of paddy fields on the development of mechanization of rice cultivation in Amlash County, Guilan Province. Accordingly, using the Bartlett minimum sample size table, the sample sizes for two groups of farmers employed in traditional and equipped paddy fields were determined to be as 105 and 160, respectively. The research samples were selected using multi-stage stratified sampling method. The research data were gathered using a self-structured questionnaire as the data collection tool. Results showed that the degree of mechanization of rice transplanting and harvesting operations in equipped paddy fields were higher than those of traditional paddy fields, in all three groups of small (

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4622_71c15f8bad4ad821a71e5e23aa2a44c3.pdf