University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 4 2021 02 19 Effect of water limitation and application of bio-fertilizer and nano-silicon on yield and some biochemical traits of wheat Effect of water limitation and application of bio-fertilizer and nano-silicon on yield and some biochemical traits of wheat 285 298 5098 10.22124/cr.2021.18682.1645 FA Farnaz Ahmadi Nouraldinvand Ph. D. Student, Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardebil, Iran Raouf Seyed Sharifi Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardebil, Iran Seyed Ataollah Siadat Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khozestan, Iran Razieh Khalilzadeh Ph. D. Graduate, Dept. of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2020 10 21 To study the effect of water limitation and application of bio-fertilizer and nanosilicon on yield and some biochemical characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, in 2018-2019. Experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control and irrigation cut-off at 50% of booting and heading stages, based on codes 55 and 43 of the BBCH scale, as moderate and severe water limitation, respectively,), foliar application of nano-silicon (water spraying as control, 30 mg/L or 22.5 mg/m2 and 60 mg/L or 45 mg/m2 nano-silicon) and bio-fertilizer (no application as control, application of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae), application of flavobacterium + pseudomonas strain 186, combined application of mycorrhiza and flavobacterium + pseudomonas). The results showed that the highest antioxidant enzymes activity and soluble sugars were obtained by combined application of bio-fertilizers and foliar application of 30 mg/L nano-silicon under the condition of irrigation limitation at booting stage. Under full irrigation condition and non-application of bio-fertilizers and nano-silicon, the activity of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes and soluble sugar content decreased 78, 49, 64 and 74 percent, respectively, compared to severe water limitation at booting stage and combined application of bio-fertilizers and 30 mg/L nano-silicon. Maximum proline content was also obtained by foliar application of 60 mg/L nano-silicon (9.50 µg/g FW) and combined application of bio-fertilizers (9.70 µg/g FW) under severe stress conditions (10.97 µg g Fw-1). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content under severe water limitation at booting stage and non-application of bio-fertilizers and nano-silicon was 90% higher than the application of 60 mg/L nano-silicon and combined application of bio-fertilizers under full irrigation condition. The highest grain yield (4593 kg/ha) was obtained from the foliar application of 30 mg/L nano-silicon and combined application of bio-fertilizers under full irrigation conditions. The results of current study showed that the combined application of bio-fertilizers and nano-silicon can increase wheat grain yield under water limitation conditions by improving plant biochemical characteristics. To study the effect of water limitation and application of bio-fertilizer and nanosilicon on yield and some biochemical characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, in 2018-2019. Experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control and irrigation cut-off at 50% of booting and heading stages, based on codes 55 and 43 of the BBCH scale, as moderate and severe water limitation, respectively,), foliar application of nano-silicon (water spraying as control, 30 mg/L or 22.5 mg/m2 and 60 mg/L or 45 mg/m2 nano-silicon) and bio-fertilizer (no application as control, application of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae), application of flavobacterium + pseudomonas strain 186, combined application of mycorrhiza and flavobacterium + pseudomonas). The results showed that the highest antioxidant enzymes activity and soluble sugars were obtained by combined application of bio-fertilizers and foliar application of 30 mg/L nano-silicon under the condition of irrigation limitation at booting stage. Under full irrigation condition and non-application of bio-fertilizers and nano-silicon, the activity of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes and soluble sugar content decreased 78, 49, 64 and 74 percent, respectively, compared to severe water limitation at booting stage and combined application of bio-fertilizers and 30 mg/L nano-silicon. Maximum proline content was also obtained by foliar application of 60 mg/L nano-silicon (9.50 µg/g FW) and combined application of bio-fertilizers (9.70 µg/g FW) under severe stress conditions (10.97 µg g Fw-1). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content under severe water limitation at booting stage and non-application of bio-fertilizers and nano-silicon was 90% higher than the application of 60 mg/L nano-silicon and combined application of bio-fertilizers under full irrigation condition. The highest grain yield (4593 kg/ha) was obtained from the foliar application of 30 mg/L nano-silicon and combined application of bio-fertilizers under full irrigation conditions. The results of current study showed that the combined application of bio-fertilizers and nano-silicon can increase wheat grain yield under water limitation conditions by improving plant biochemical characteristics.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_5098_7d9526fccc515d378d74f414825d84c4.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 4 2021 02 19 Study of the effect of foliar nutrition of zinc sulfate and urea on quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Study of the effect of foliar nutrition of zinc sulfate and urea on quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) 299 311 5099 10.22124/cr.2021.19270.1655 FA Vahid Asadzadeh M. Sc. Graduate, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Ali Sepehri Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 15 To evaluate the effect of foliar nutrition with zinc sulfate and urea solution on growth, yield and yield components of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in Robat Karim, Tehran, Iran, in 2018-2019. Experimental factors was included foliar application at four levels (water spray as control, foliar application of zinc sulfate, foliar application of urea and combined application of zinc sulfate and urea) and wheat cultivars at two levels (Pishtaz and Sivand cultivars). The results showed that the interaction of cultivar and foliar application on spike length, 1000-grain weight, number of spikelet per spike, grain yield, harvest index, protein content, zinc content, maximum leaf area index, crop growth rate and total dry matter were significant. In most of the studied traits, combined foliar application of zinc sulfate and urea was superior to individual foliar application as well as water spray. The highest grain yield with 7.5 t/ha was obtained by combined foliar application of zinc sulfate and urea in Pishtaz cultivar and the lowest yield with 4.4 t/ha in Sivand cultivar with no fertilizer treatment. The maximum increase in dry matter and grain yield in combined foliar application of zinc sulfate and urea compared to the control treatment (without fertilizer) were observed in Pishtaz and Sivand cultivars, respectively. In this treatment, the increase in grain protein content in Pishtaz and Sivand cultivars was 27% and 31% and in grain zinc content was 49% and 65%, respectively. In total, Pishtaz cultivar showed more positive response to zinc sulfate and urea foliar application than Sivand cultivar. To evaluate the effect of foliar nutrition with zinc sulfate and urea solution on growth, yield and yield components of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in Robat Karim, Tehran, Iran, in 2018-2019. Experimental factors was included foliar application at four levels (water spray as control, foliar application of zinc sulfate, foliar application of urea and combined application of zinc sulfate and urea) and wheat cultivars at two levels (Pishtaz and Sivand cultivars). The results showed that the interaction of cultivar and foliar application on spike length, 1000-grain weight, number of spikelet per spike, grain yield, harvest index, protein content, zinc content, maximum leaf area index, crop growth rate and total dry matter were significant. In most of the studied traits, combined foliar application of zinc sulfate and urea was superior to individual foliar application as well as water spray. The highest grain yield with 7.5 t/ha was obtained by combined foliar application of zinc sulfate and urea in Pishtaz cultivar and the lowest yield with 4.4 t/ha in Sivand cultivar with no fertilizer treatment. The maximum increase in dry matter and grain yield in combined foliar application of zinc sulfate and urea compared to the control treatment (without fertilizer) were observed in Pishtaz and Sivand cultivars, respectively. In this treatment, the increase in grain protein content in Pishtaz and Sivand cultivars was 27% and 31% and in grain zinc content was 49% and 65%, respectively. In total, Pishtaz cultivar showed more positive response to zinc sulfate and urea foliar application than Sivand cultivar.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_5099_4065dff68ba18bc58cc95d258fb5f594.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 4 2021 02 19 Fortification of wheat flour with hydrothermaled rice bran: Studying dough rheological properties Fortification of wheat flour with hydrothermaled rice bran: Studying dough rheological properties 313 322 5100 10.22124/cr.2021.19405.1660 FA Mandana Tayefe Lecturer, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, Iran Seyed Ahmad Shahidi Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Amol, Iran 0000-0001-5667-2875 Jafar Mohammadzadeh Milani Prof., Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran Seyyed Mostafa Sadeghi Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, Iran Journal Article 2020 09 20 Rice bran is a valuable and economic food source for natural fortification of bakery products. Since the use of natural additives for food fortification causes the risk of weakening and reducing the rheological and technological properties of dough, therefore in this study, the effect of adding hydrothermled rice bran on the rheological properties of dough using farinograph and extensograph tests was investigated. The results of rheological evaluations revealed that an increase in the rice bran concentration led to a significant increase in water absorption, but dough stability decreased significantly. Also, decreasing the dough stability increased dough developing time. Changes in the softening degree of dough also showed a significant decrease by increasing the rice bran concentration to more than 3%. On the other hand, increasing the bran concentration in the dough was was associated with increasing of resistance to extension and dough energy and decreasing the dough extensibility. Rice bran is a valuable and economic food source for natural fortification of bakery products. Since the use of natural additives for food fortification causes the risk of weakening and reducing the rheological and technological properties of dough, therefore in this study, the effect of adding hydrothermled rice bran on the rheological properties of dough using farinograph and extensograph tests was investigated. The results of rheological evaluations revealed that an increase in the rice bran concentration led to a significant increase in water absorption, but dough stability decreased significantly. Also, decreasing the dough stability increased dough developing time. Changes in the softening degree of dough also showed a significant decrease by increasing the rice bran concentration to more than 3%. On the other hand, increasing the bran concentration in the dough was was associated with increasing of resistance to extension and dough energy and decreasing the dough extensibility.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_5100_9434473476510964a5374a643f22a036.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 4 2021 02 19 Application of nano iron and iron nitrate in wheat and pea intercropping: An approach to sustainable agriculture Application of nano iron and iron nitrate in wheat and pea intercropping: An approach to sustainable agriculture 323 338 4911 10.22124/cr.2021.18869.1650 FA Leila Soleimanpour Ph. D. Student, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Seyed Mohammad Baqer Hosseini Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Leila Mamani Research Assist. Prof., Dept. of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Mostafa Oveisi Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 11 Nano-fertilizers due to the small amount of used fertilizer and the accuracy of plant acquisition are considered as a strategy to reduce inputs and achieve sustainability in agriculture production. In this experiment, the effects of nano iron and iron nitrate on the growth characteristics of wheat in different wheat and chickpea intercropping systems were investigated. The experiment was performed as split-split plot in randomized complete plot design with three replications in the research field of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in 2019. The main plots included five planting patterns (wheat monoculture, pea monoculture and three intercroppings of wheat:pea with 50:50, 70:50 and 90:50 ratio), sub-plots included three fertilizer treatments (control, nano-iron and iron nitrate) and sub-sub-plots included two fertilizer concentrations (1500 and 750 mg/L). The results showed that the 50:70 intercropping and concentration of 750 nano-iron had the highest iron use efficiency of wheat and in total, the iron use efficiency of wheat in 50:70 intercropping was higher than the other planting patterns. In contrast, the highest iron use efficiency of pea was observed in 50:90 intercropping and 750 concentration of iron nitrate. In all intercropping treatments, the fertilizer use efficiency by wheat and pea in nano-iron was higher than iron-nitrate. The highest wheat biomass and grain yield was obtained in monoculture + nano-iron (16371 and 5042 kg/ha, respectively) and monoculture + iron-nitrate (16062 and 5554, respectively), and the lowest wheat biomass and grain yield was related to 90:50 intercropping and iron-nitrate, but the highest pea biomass and grain yield in most fertilizer treatments at the concentrations of 750 and 1500 mg/L was related to iron-nitrate and nano-iron, respectively. The results of this experiment showed that in most of the planting pattern treatments and in all studied traits, the concentration of 750 mg/L iron nano-fertilizer was similar or even higher than the concentration of 1500 mg/L and therefore, a lower concentration of nano-fertilizer can be used and the consumption of fertilizer can be reduced. Nano-fertilizers due to the small amount of used fertilizer and the accuracy of plant acquisition are considered as a strategy to reduce inputs and achieve sustainability in agriculture production. In this experiment, the effects of nano iron and iron nitrate on the growth characteristics of wheat in different wheat and chickpea intercropping systems were investigated. The experiment was performed as split-split plot in randomized complete plot design with three replications in the research field of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in 2019. The main plots included five planting patterns (wheat monoculture, pea monoculture and three intercroppings of wheat:pea with 50:50, 70:50 and 90:50 ratio), sub-plots included three fertilizer treatments (control, nano-iron and iron nitrate) and sub-sub-plots included two fertilizer concentrations (1500 and 750 mg/L). The results showed that the 50:70 intercropping and concentration of 750 nano-iron had the highest iron use efficiency of wheat and in total, the iron use efficiency of wheat in 50:70 intercropping was higher than the other planting patterns. In contrast, the highest iron use efficiency of pea was observed in 50:90 intercropping and 750 concentration of iron nitrate. In all intercropping treatments, the fertilizer use efficiency by wheat and pea in nano-iron was higher than iron-nitrate. The highest wheat biomass and grain yield was obtained in monoculture + nano-iron (16371 and 5042 kg/ha, respectively) and monoculture + iron-nitrate (16062 and 5554, respectively), and the lowest wheat biomass and grain yield was related to 90:50 intercropping and iron-nitrate, but the highest pea biomass and grain yield in most fertilizer treatments at the concentrations of 750 and 1500 mg/L was related to iron-nitrate and nano-iron, respectively. The results of this experiment showed that in most of the planting pattern treatments and in all studied traits, the concentration of 750 mg/L iron nano-fertilizer was similar or even higher than the concentration of 1500 mg/L and therefore, a lower concentration of nano-fertilizer can be used and the consumption of fertilizer can be reduced.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4911_1268d1211b01664006b7a07542a50768.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 4 2021 02 19 Identification of the virulence factors of Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei, the causal agent of barley powdery mildew in northeast and northern regions of Iran Identification of the virulence factors of Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei, the causal agent of barley powdery mildew in northeast and northern regions of Iran 339 349 4830 10.22124/cr.2021.18839.1648 FA Reza Aghnoum Research Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Ali Dehghan Researcher, Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran Shapoor Ebrahimnejad Researcher, Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran Rahim Mehrabi Research Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Cereal Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran (The present address: Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Journal Article 2020 10 28 Powdery mildew of barley caused by the fungal pathogen, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, is one of the most important leaf diseases of barley in Iran. This study was carried out to determine the virulence factors in the population of the fungus causing powdery mildew in major conductive regions of the disease in the northeast and north regions of Iran and to identify new sources of resistance. Trap nurseries (53 lines and cultivars) including cv. Pallas, 18 near-isogenic lines in the background of Pallas and a supplementary set including 34 cultivars carrying known or unknown resistance gene (s) were evaluated against powdery mildew under the natural conditions at four powdery mildew hotspot locations in northeast and north of Iran including Mashhad, Karaj, Gorgan and Ghaemshar, during three consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2016). The results of evaluation of near-isogenic lines and supplementary set in different regions showed that there was a variation in virulence spectrum of the pathogen in these locations. Virulence factors for Mlk(1), Mlp, Mlat, MlLa, Mlh, Mla22 and Mlk resistance genes appear to be common in all locations. These genes are reported as ineffective resistance genes in Iran. Virulence for the Mlp gene that was reported to be effective in many regions was appeared in Mashhad, Gorgan and Ghaemshar. The results of this study also indicated that the new virulence factors is appeared for the MlLa gene in Mashhad, Gorgan and Ghaemshar, for the Mlg and MlCP resistance genes in Mashhad and Gorgan and for the Mla3 resistance gene in Mashhad. The findings of this study indicate that the Mla7, Ml(No3), mlo5 Mla9, Mla13, ، Ml(Ru3), Mla10, Ml(Du2), Mla12, Ml(Em2) are effective in Iran and could be used as new sources of resistance in breeding programs. Powdery mildew of barley caused by the fungal pathogen, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, is one of the most important leaf diseases of barley in Iran. This study was carried out to determine the virulence factors in the population of the fungus causing powdery mildew in major conductive regions of the disease in the northeast and north regions of Iran and to identify new sources of resistance. Trap nurseries (53 lines and cultivars) including cv. Pallas, 18 near-isogenic lines in the background of Pallas and a supplementary set including 34 cultivars carrying known or unknown resistance gene (s) were evaluated against powdery mildew under the natural conditions at four powdery mildew hotspot locations in northeast and north of Iran including Mashhad, Karaj, Gorgan and Ghaemshar, during three consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2016). The results of evaluation of near-isogenic lines and supplementary set in different regions showed that there was a variation in virulence spectrum of the pathogen in these locations. Virulence factors for Mlk(1), Mlp, Mlat, MlLa, Mlh, Mla22 and Mlk resistance genes appear to be common in all locations. These genes are reported as ineffective resistance genes in Iran. Virulence for the Mlp gene that was reported to be effective in many regions was appeared in Mashhad, Gorgan and Ghaemshar. The results of this study also indicated that the new virulence factors is appeared for the MlLa gene in Mashhad, Gorgan and Ghaemshar, for the Mlg and MlCP resistance genes in Mashhad and Gorgan and for the Mla3 resistance gene in Mashhad. The findings of this study indicate that the Mla7, Ml(No3), mlo5 Mla9, Mla13, ، Ml(Ru3), Mla10, Ml(Du2), Mla12, Ml(Em2) are effective in Iran and could be used as new sources of resistance in breeding programs.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4830_d4f30e3c154a49a21d630877b492e59f.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 10 4 2021 02 19 Genetic analysis of forage yield and related traits in pearl millet Genetic analysis of forage yield and related traits in pearl millet 351 362 4828 10.22124/cr.2021.18996.1651 FA Reza Ataei Research Assist. Prof., Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Farid Golzardi Research Assist. Prof., Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Mohammad Razmi- Charmkhoran Research Assisstant, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 25 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is one of the most important crops in arid and semi-arid regions that is cultivated for grain and forage. Due to cross pollination and high heterosis, selection of parents based on combining ability is one of the most important steps in pearl millet breeding programs. To study the general combining ability (GCA) of pearl millet lines, a set of 10 lines were crossed in polycross nursery and the resulting half-sib families (HS) along with a check variety were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The studued traits included days to flowering, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of tillers, fresh forage yield and dry matter. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of means showed that there was considerable genetic diversity for the studied traits. Estimated heritability ranged from 53.86% for dry forage yield to 99.23% for number of tillers. These results showed that additive variance had a significant role in controlling the studied traits in this population and therefore it can be used in breeding programs. Combining ability showed that line 2 for days to flowering, plant height and number of leaves, line 3 for stem diameter, lines 4, 7 and 8 for number of tillers and line 7 for fresh forage and dry matter yield were the best general combiner and could be used as the parents of crosses to improve the studied population. Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is one of the most important crops in arid and semi-arid regions that is cultivated for grain and forage. Due to cross pollination and high heterosis, selection of parents based on combining ability is one of the most important steps in pearl millet breeding programs. To study the general combining ability (GCA) of pearl millet lines, a set of 10 lines were crossed in polycross nursery and the resulting half-sib families (HS) along with a check variety were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The studued traits included days to flowering, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of tillers, fresh forage yield and dry matter. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of means showed that there was considerable genetic diversity for the studied traits. Estimated heritability ranged from 53.86% for dry forage yield to 99.23% for number of tillers. These results showed that additive variance had a significant role in controlling the studied traits in this population and therefore it can be used in breeding programs. Combining ability showed that line 2 for days to flowering, plant height and number of leaves, line 3 for stem diameter, lines 4, 7 and 8 for number of tillers and line 7 for fresh forage and dry matter yield were the best general combiner and could be used as the parents of crosses to improve the studied population.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_4828_ea362c4fe74ed4c53073953b4d765447.pdf