University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 12 1 2022 05 22 Genome-wide association study for agronomic traits in spring bread wheat under different water conditions Genome-wide association study for agronomic traits in spring bread wheat under different water conditions 1 19 6049 10.22124/cr.2022.22814.1737 FA Ahmad Majidi-Mehr Ph. D. Student, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Mohammad Hadi Pahlavani Associate Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Khalil Zeinali-Nezhad Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Rahmatollah Karimizadeh Research Assistant Professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Research Organization (AREEO), Andeas Borner Professor, Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Leibniz, Germany Journal Article 2022 02 16 Introduction The main goal of genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to identify genes associated with a specific trait. In this mapping method, researchers compare the whole genomic DNA sequence of people in the community to find single nucleotide differences between them. Identifying and mapping effective genes in response to drought stress, in addition to understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms, can provide breeders with a better understanding of the genetic structure of population and the genetic control of stress and it’s breeding in the studied population. In this experiment, the mapping genes controlling important agronomic traits of bread wheat under two non-stress and drought stress conditions using genome wide association analysis method was performed. The objective of the experiment was to analyze QTLs related to the response to water deficit and to identify markers related to some important and effective traits in bread wheat. Materials and methods The plant materials of this experiment were 121 spring bread wheat genotypes, including 111 lines obtained from local spring bread wheat varieties originating from 28 countries from five different continents and 10 spring bread wheat genotypes from Iran and Pakistan, which were evaluated under two non-stress and water deficit stress conditions in the field. Genotyping for the samples was done using SNP markers (15 K SNP array) at TraitGenetic Company in Germany, and each genotype was evaluated using a set of SNPs. To determine the population structure, 147 SNP markers with no missing data and with suitable distribution on 21 homologous chromosome pairs of bread wheat (seven markers per chromosome) were used. To determine the possible sub-populations and studying the population structure, Bayesian method and Structure software V 2.3.4 were used, and then the average fixation index (Fst) and membership matrix (Q) were calculated with the same software. Genome-wide association analysis with the general linear model (Q+PCA) method was used to identify the markers related to the studied traits under non-stress and drought stress conditions with average data in TASSEL 5.0 software. Research findings The results of analysis of variance showed that there was an acceptable genetic diversity in terms of all the studied traits between the genotypes and reaction of the genotypes to water deficit stress was different. Based on genome-wide association mapping, in total, 511 and 469 significant marker-trait relationships were identified under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions, respectively. The most significant marker-trait association under water deficit stress was revealed for plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, and spike yield on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3B, and 2A, respectively. Also, five SNP markers at positions of 113.30, 25.02, 13.90, 43.10, and 71.97 cM on chromosomes 2A, 2A, 5A, 6A, and 6B, respectively, showed the highest significant associations with flag leaf length and area, plant height, peduncle length, and spike yield under water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Multi-trait loci were also identified on chromosome 2A for flag leaf length, width and area, plant height and spike yield under water stress conditions. Finally, 21, 12, 14, 44, 92 and 14 significant marker-trait associations (QTLs) were found for flag leaf length, width and area, plant height, peduncle length and spike yield under water deficit stress conditions, respectively, using genome-wide association study. Conclusion The results of this study provided valuable information on the genetic basis of the studied traits under water deficit stress conditions, which can be used in bread wheat breeding programs, including marker assisted selection (MAS). Introduction The main goal of genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to identify genes associated with a specific trait. In this mapping method, researchers compare the whole genomic DNA sequence of people in the community to find single nucleotide differences between them. Identifying and mapping effective genes in response to drought stress, in addition to understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms, can provide breeders with a better understanding of the genetic structure of population and the genetic control of stress and it’s breeding in the studied population. In this experiment, the mapping genes controlling important agronomic traits of bread wheat under two non-stress and drought stress conditions using genome wide association analysis method was performed. The objective of the experiment was to analyze QTLs related to the response to water deficit and to identify markers related to some important and effective traits in bread wheat. Materials and methods The plant materials of this experiment were 121 spring bread wheat genotypes, including 111 lines obtained from local spring bread wheat varieties originating from 28 countries from five different continents and 10 spring bread wheat genotypes from Iran and Pakistan, which were evaluated under two non-stress and water deficit stress conditions in the field. Genotyping for the samples was done using SNP markers (15 K SNP array) at TraitGenetic Company in Germany, and each genotype was evaluated using a set of SNPs. To determine the population structure, 147 SNP markers with no missing data and with suitable distribution on 21 homologous chromosome pairs of bread wheat (seven markers per chromosome) were used. To determine the possible sub-populations and studying the population structure, Bayesian method and Structure software V 2.3.4 were used, and then the average fixation index (Fst) and membership matrix (Q) were calculated with the same software. Genome-wide association analysis with the general linear model (Q+PCA) method was used to identify the markers related to the studied traits under non-stress and drought stress conditions with average data in TASSEL 5.0 software. Research findings The results of analysis of variance showed that there was an acceptable genetic diversity in terms of all the studied traits between the genotypes and reaction of the genotypes to water deficit stress was different. Based on genome-wide association mapping, in total, 511 and 469 significant marker-trait relationships were identified under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions, respectively. The most significant marker-trait association under water deficit stress was revealed for plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, and spike yield on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3B, and 2A, respectively. Also, five SNP markers at positions of 113.30, 25.02, 13.90, 43.10, and 71.97 cM on chromosomes 2A, 2A, 5A, 6A, and 6B, respectively, showed the highest significant associations with flag leaf length and area, plant height, peduncle length, and spike yield under water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Multi-trait loci were also identified on chromosome 2A for flag leaf length, width and area, plant height and spike yield under water stress conditions. Finally, 21, 12, 14, 44, 92 and 14 significant marker-trait associations (QTLs) were found for flag leaf length, width and area, plant height, peduncle length and spike yield under water deficit stress conditions, respectively, using genome-wide association study. Conclusion The results of this study provided valuable information on the genetic basis of the studied traits under water deficit stress conditions, which can be used in bread wheat breeding programs, including marker assisted selection (MAS).

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_6049_76c2e41326118f4746fba8ffb3f6f2d4.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 12 1 2022 05 22 Evaluation of morpho-physiological diversity of durum wheat genotypes under rainfed condition Evaluation of morpho-physiological diversity of durum wheat genotypes under rainfed condition 21 44 6129 10.22124/cr.2023.22480.1730 FA Amin Ahmadirad Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Reza Mohammadi Research Associate Professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Sararood Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran (*Corresponding author: r.mohammadi@areeo.ac.ir) Alireza Etminan Associate Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran (*Corresponding author: alietminan55@yahoo.com) Lia Shooshtari Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Ali Mehras Mehrabi Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 12 Introduction Knowledge of the amount of genetic diversity in germplasms provides valuable information for the preservation of genetic resources and their use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of durum wheat genotypes based on morpho-physiological traits and to investigate the interrelationships between traits using the genotype-by-trait biplot (GT-biplot) method. Materials and methods In this study, 124 durum wheat genotypes including 120 breeding lines received from CIMMYT along with 4 check genotypes (Saji, Zahab, Imren and SRN-1\..) with six replications were examined based on an augmented desgin during two cropping years (2017-18 and 2018-19) in the Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute (Sararood Station), Kermanshah, Iran. Genotypes were evaluated based on 22 morpho-physiological traits. Analysis of variance and mean comparison based on the best linear unbaised estimator (BLUE) approach were performed for the studied traits. Heatmap-based correlation analysis was to study the correlation between the studied traits, and the GT-biplot analysis was used to investigate the relationships of traits and determine the morpho-physiological characteristics of the genotypes. Research findings The results of this experiment showed that there was a significant difference between the studied genotypes in terms of the studied traits under rainfed conditions, which indicates a significant genetic diversity in the studied genotypes. Based on GT-biplot analysis method in two years, the studied traits and genotypes were divided into five and eight groups, respectively. Based on the results of correlation analysis and GT-bipot analysis, number of spikes per unit area, plant height, stomatal conductance, biological yield, external peduncle length, spike length, number of days to heading, harvest index and peduncle length were identified as most important traits affecting grain yield under rainfed conditions. In total, based on the results of the selection indices, a number of the studied durum wheat breeding lines in this experiment were selected as the most promising and high-yielding lines for cultivation under rainfed conditions. Conclusion The results of this study led to identify a number of durum wheat breeding lines with agro-physiological characteristics superior to the check cultivars, which can be recommended for use in the future durum wheat breeding program to improve drought tolerance and produce optimal yield under rainfed conditions. In total, breeding lines 119, 106, 117, 104, 121, 115, 109, 118, 98, 49 and 124 are introduced as the ideal genotypes under rainfed conditions. Introduction Knowledge of the amount of genetic diversity in germplasms provides valuable information for the preservation of genetic resources and their use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of durum wheat genotypes based on morpho-physiological traits and to investigate the interrelationships between traits using the genotype-by-trait biplot (GT-biplot) method. Materials and methods In this study, 124 durum wheat genotypes including 120 breeding lines received from CIMMYT along with 4 check genotypes (Saji, Zahab, Imren and SRN-1\..) with six replications were examined based on an augmented desgin during two cropping years (2017-18 and 2018-19) in the Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute (Sararood Station), Kermanshah, Iran. Genotypes were evaluated based on 22 morpho-physiological traits. Analysis of variance and mean comparison based on the best linear unbaised estimator (BLUE) approach were performed for the studied traits. Heatmap-based correlation analysis was to study the correlation between the studied traits, and the GT-biplot analysis was used to investigate the relationships of traits and determine the morpho-physiological characteristics of the genotypes. Research findings The results of this experiment showed that there was a significant difference between the studied genotypes in terms of the studied traits under rainfed conditions, which indicates a significant genetic diversity in the studied genotypes. Based on GT-biplot analysis method in two years, the studied traits and genotypes were divided into five and eight groups, respectively. Based on the results of correlation analysis and GT-bipot analysis, number of spikes per unit area, plant height, stomatal conductance, biological yield, external peduncle length, spike length, number of days to heading, harvest index and peduncle length were identified as most important traits affecting grain yield under rainfed conditions. In total, based on the results of the selection indices, a number of the studied durum wheat breeding lines in this experiment were selected as the most promising and high-yielding lines for cultivation under rainfed conditions. Conclusion The results of this study led to identify a number of durum wheat breeding lines with agro-physiological characteristics superior to the check cultivars, which can be recommended for use in the future durum wheat breeding program to improve drought tolerance and produce optimal yield under rainfed conditions. In total, breeding lines 119, 106, 117, 104, 121, 115, 109, 118, 98, 49 and 124 are introduced as the ideal genotypes under rainfed conditions.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_6129_aedd6f818f78800729956b599691949c.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 12 1 2022 05 22 Field evaluation of resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat germplasms Field evaluation of resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat germplasms 45 62 6101 10.22124/cr.2022.23034.1740 FA Mehdi Zahravi Research Assistant Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Mohammad Ali Dehghan Research Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran Hosein Ali Fallahi Research Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran Shahpour Ebrahimnejad Researcher, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 Introduction Wheat powdery mildew caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a serious threat to wheat production in many regions of the world. This disease can reduce the yield up to 45% and reduce the quality of the grains by affecting the flour protein. Due to the adoption of high-yield crop systems that require high use of nitrogen fertilizers and high irrigation, as well as due to climate changes towards milder winters and increased rainfall in wheat production areas, the importance of powdery mildew disease is also increasing. One of the most useful strategies to control powdery mildew disease is to identify the sources of resistance among germplasm, which is also known as the most economical method among farmers. This research was conducted to identify resistant genetic samples to powdery mildew in the bread wheat collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran. Materials and methods The plant materials of this research were 173 accessions of bread wheat from the collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran received from different countries, which were investigated to identify the sources of resistance to powdery mildew under natural incidence conditions at the research stations of Gorgan and Sari as the disease hotspots during three crop years (2018-2021). A two-digit scoring system was used to evaluate the response of the genotypes to the disease, in which the first digit is measured based on the infection development in plant height and the second is measured based on the disease severity in terms of the infection percentage on flag leaf surface. Then, by combining these two criteria, disease development and disease severity, the infection coefficient was calculated and used for the statistical analysis. K-means cluster analysis was used to group the germplasm and determination function analysis based on principal components was used to confirm the cluster analysis results. The relationship between the reaction of accessions in different years and locations was also investigated using multidimensional scaling analysis, and then the stability of the studied accessions over the experimental years and locations was investigated using the Wricke’s equivalence stability criterion based on the infection coefficient. Research findings The results of this experiment showed that the average coefficient of infection during the studied three crop years varied from 0.05 to 0.29 percentage in Sari station and from 0.25 to 0.29 percentage in Gorgan station. The studied genetic materials were separated into five groups using K-means cluster analysis, and the fourth group consisting of 68 accessions was identified as the most resistant group. Based on the results of this experiment, the accessions KC 5292 (Turkey) and KC 5824 (Austria) were identified as the resistant genotype, and the accessions KC 5389, KC 5579 and KC 5476 (Iran), KC 5772, KC 5773 and KC 5384 (Afghanistan), KC 5133 and KC 5147 (Portugal), KC 5715 (Japan) and KC 5801 (unknown origin) as the resistant to semi-resistant genotype, and had the most stable response to the disease in various environments. Conclusion The results of the current research showed that there is a suitable genetic capacity to identify sources of powdery mildew resistance in wheat genetic stocks. The superior and resistant genetic materials identified in this research can be used to improve resistance to powdery mildew in wheat in the future breeding programs. Introduction Wheat powdery mildew caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a serious threat to wheat production in many regions of the world. This disease can reduce the yield up to 45% and reduce the quality of the grains by affecting the flour protein. Due to the adoption of high-yield crop systems that require high use of nitrogen fertilizers and high irrigation, as well as due to climate changes towards milder winters and increased rainfall in wheat production areas, the importance of powdery mildew disease is also increasing. One of the most useful strategies to control powdery mildew disease is to identify the sources of resistance among germplasm, which is also known as the most economical method among farmers. This research was conducted to identify resistant genetic samples to powdery mildew in the bread wheat collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran. Materials and methods The plant materials of this research were 173 accessions of bread wheat from the collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran received from different countries, which were investigated to identify the sources of resistance to powdery mildew under natural incidence conditions at the research stations of Gorgan and Sari as the disease hotspots during three crop years (2018-2021). A two-digit scoring system was used to evaluate the response of the genotypes to the disease, in which the first digit is measured based on the infection development in plant height and the second is measured based on the disease severity in terms of the infection percentage on flag leaf surface. Then, by combining these two criteria, disease development and disease severity, the infection coefficient was calculated and used for the statistical analysis. K-means cluster analysis was used to group the germplasm and determination function analysis based on principal components was used to confirm the cluster analysis results. The relationship between the reaction of accessions in different years and locations was also investigated using multidimensional scaling analysis, and then the stability of the studied accessions over the experimental years and locations was investigated using the Wricke’s equivalence stability criterion based on the infection coefficient. Research findings The results of this experiment showed that the average coefficient of infection during the studied three crop years varied from 0.05 to 0.29 percentage in Sari station and from 0.25 to 0.29 percentage in Gorgan station. The studied genetic materials were separated into five groups using K-means cluster analysis, and the fourth group consisting of 68 accessions was identified as the most resistant group. Based on the results of this experiment, the accessions KC 5292 (Turkey) and KC 5824 (Austria) were identified as the resistant genotype, and the accessions KC 5389, KC 5579 and KC 5476 (Iran), KC 5772, KC 5773 and KC 5384 (Afghanistan), KC 5133 and KC 5147 (Portugal), KC 5715 (Japan) and KC 5801 (unknown origin) as the resistant to semi-resistant genotype, and had the most stable response to the disease in various environments. Conclusion The results of the current research showed that there is a suitable genetic capacity to identify sources of powdery mildew resistance in wheat genetic stocks. The superior and resistant genetic materials identified in this research can be used to improve resistance to powdery mildew in wheat in the future breeding programs.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_6101_2ad7dbbb12d935494f32d580c60f125d.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 12 1 2022 05 22 Agro-ecological evaluation of the effect of sesame plant residue management and chemical control of weeds on wheat yield and weed population in sesame-wheat cultivation pattern in Khuzestan Agro-ecological evaluation of the effect of sesame plant residue management and chemical control of weeds on wheat yield and weed population in sesame-wheat cultivation pattern in Khuzestan 63 77 6100 10.22124/cr.2022.22469.1729 FA Malek Mazbani Nasr Graduate M.Sc. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Ali Monsefi Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Payman Hassibi Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2021 12 05 Introduction The competition of weeds with crop plants in agricultural ecosystems is one of the most important biological stresses, which causes a high decrease in yield, so their control can have a great effect on increasing crop production. A high population of weeds, especially in the early stages of wheat growth, which have a strong competition for nutrition resources, can reduce the tillering of wheat. The research conducted in the field of plant residue management and chemical control of weeds shows that each of the residue management methods affects the soil and the quantitative and qualitative yield of the next crops. Therefore, considering the direct effect of plant residue management and chemical control of weeds on grain yield of crop plants, especially in double cropping system, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of sesame residue management and chemical control of weeds on weeds population, and wheat yield and yield components. Materials and methods To investigate the effect of sesame residues and weed control on wheat yield and weed population, a research was conducted in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, in the crop year 2019-2019. Residue management at three levels (returning or mixing plant residues with soil, burning residue and removing all residues from the soil) were considered as the main plots and weed control at four levels (chemical control with Metribozin, Atlantis and 2,4-D+MCPA herbicides as post-emergence, and without weeds control as check) as sub-plots, and the studied wheat variety was Mehregan. The traits studied in this research included the number and type of weed species and wheat grain yield and yield components. Research findings The results of this research on the number of weeds showed that the highest number of narrow- and broad-leaved weeds was related to the removing plant residues and without weed control treatment. Regarding the wheat yield components, the observations of this experiment showed that the highest number of grains per spike with an average of 49.1 was related to the returning plant residues with the use of Metribuzin (48.7) and Atlantis (49.2) herbicides. The highest wheat grain yield with an average of 4.15 and 4.89 tons/ha was obtained from the treatments of returning plant residues and controlling weeds with Metribuzin herbicide, respectively, and the lowest grain yield (1.85 ton/ha) was recorded for no weed control. The results of this experiment showed that the weeds were effectively controlled by the post emergence application of Atlantis and Metribuzin, respectively. Conclusion The results of this experiment showed the effectiveness of weed biomass and wheat grain yield in the incorporated sesame residues and weed control treatments. Decrease in the weed population due to the use of chemical herbicides and plant residue management can be attributed to the difference in the biomass of the wheat and weeds in the experimental treatments. Incorporating the plant residues with the soil increased wheat yield components, especially the number of grains per spike, and increased the grain yield and wheat harvest index. Introduction The competition of weeds with crop plants in agricultural ecosystems is one of the most important biological stresses, which causes a high decrease in yield, so their control can have a great effect on increasing crop production. A high population of weeds, especially in the early stages of wheat growth, which have a strong competition for nutrition resources, can reduce the tillering of wheat. The research conducted in the field of plant residue management and chemical control of weeds shows that each of the residue management methods affects the soil and the quantitative and qualitative yield of the next crops. Therefore, considering the direct effect of plant residue management and chemical control of weeds on grain yield of crop plants, especially in double cropping system, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of sesame residue management and chemical control of weeds on weeds population, and wheat yield and yield components. Materials and methods To investigate the effect of sesame residues and weed control on wheat yield and weed population, a research was conducted in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, in the crop year 2019-2019. Residue management at three levels (returning or mixing plant residues with soil, burning residue and removing all residues from the soil) were considered as the main plots and weed control at four levels (chemical control with Metribozin, Atlantis and 2,4-D+MCPA herbicides as post-emergence, and without weeds control as check) as sub-plots, and the studied wheat variety was Mehregan. The traits studied in this research included the number and type of weed species and wheat grain yield and yield components. Research findings The results of this research on the number of weeds showed that the highest number of narrow- and broad-leaved weeds was related to the removing plant residues and without weed control treatment. Regarding the wheat yield components, the observations of this experiment showed that the highest number of grains per spike with an average of 49.1 was related to the returning plant residues with the use of Metribuzin (48.7) and Atlantis (49.2) herbicides. The highest wheat grain yield with an average of 4.15 and 4.89 tons/ha was obtained from the treatments of returning plant residues and controlling weeds with Metribuzin herbicide, respectively, and the lowest grain yield (1.85 ton/ha) was recorded for no weed control. The results of this experiment showed that the weeds were effectively controlled by the post emergence application of Atlantis and Metribuzin, respectively. Conclusion The results of this experiment showed the effectiveness of weed biomass and wheat grain yield in the incorporated sesame residues and weed control treatments. Decrease in the weed population due to the use of chemical herbicides and plant residue management can be attributed to the difference in the biomass of the wheat and weeds in the experimental treatments. Incorporating the plant residues with the soil increased wheat yield components, especially the number of grains per spike, and increased the grain yield and wheat harvest index.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_6100_b27c8a873e4dedbdd78d74f3b75ee321.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 12 1 2022 05 22 Estimating rice potential yield and fertilizer requirements in Guilan province using GIS and crop modeling Estimating rice potential yield and fertilizer requirements in Guilan province using GIS and crop modeling 81 100 6138 10.22124/cr.2023.21385.1707 FA Pooya Aalaee Bazkiaee Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Behnam Kamkar Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Ebrahim Amiri Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran Hossein Kazemi Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Mojtaba Rezaei Research Assistant Professor, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 01 Introduction Rational fertilizer management is crucial in the efficient use of resources that are basically non-renewable and that can have a great environmental impact when used without scientific basis. The availability of scientifically sound decision-making tools for rational fertilization is scarce. FertiliCalc-Fertigate software is a program to determine the consumption of NPK fertilizers during the growing season in a cost-effective and sustainable way. Today, the geographic information system is widely used in spatial planning by determining the distribution of phenomena and combining maps and interpreting ecological data in different stages of planning. Also, the potential yield in an area can be estimated using field tests and simulation models. The ORYZA2000 model is one of the efficient models in investigating rice potential yield, which simulates the growth and development of rice plants under favorable conditions, water limitation and nitrogen limitation. In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the potential yield in Guilan province by integrating the ORYZA2000 model and geographic information system. Also, after determining the potential yield, the NPK fertilizer requirement estimated using FertiliCalc-Fertigate software. Materials and methods This research was conducted to investigate the potential yield of rice in Guilan province using the ORYZA2000 model. After calibrating and validating the model at the field test level, the model was used to evaluate the potential yield of rice in 12 synoptic stations of Guilan province. The processing of Landsat 8 satellite images was used to separate rice fields in Guilan province and the studied area was separated using supervised classification. The estimation of potential yield in Guilan province was done by combining GIS environment and ORYZA2000 model. The amount of radiation for the whole area was calculated from the Points Solar Radiation function in GIS. Then, from the relationship between the amount of radiation received during the rice growing season and the potential yield estimated in the ORYZA2000 model, the potential yield was calculated and generalized to the whole area based on the agricultural land use of Guilan province. Fertilizer requirement of lands was calculated using FertiliCalc-Fertigate 1.0 software. In order to evaluate the fertilizer requirement at the province level, first, 320 points were randomly selected in the rice cultivation area of the province and the fertilizer requirement of each point was determined based on the required information, including potential yield and soil information. Then the points were interpolated and the study results were presented in the form of fertilizer requirement maps. Research findings The results showed that the amount of radiation in rice fields in the Guilan area, during the growing season, was between 2552 to 6259 MJ/m2 (average 4405 MJ/m2) in 2016 and from 2423 to 5337 MJ/m2 (average 3880 MJ/m2) in 2017. The lowest amount of received radiation was in the central areas of the basin, which can be due to the topographic conditions of the area. Using the regression relationship between radiation during the growing season and potential yield, a potential yield map of rice fields was prepared. Based on the results, potential yield in rice fields of Guilan province was between 4416 to 7038 kg/ha (with an average of 5160 kg/ha) in 2016 and between 4558 to 7180 kg/ha (with an average yield of 5302 kg/ha) in 2017. Based on these results, the combined approach of ORYZA2000 model and GIS has a good ability to simulate potential yield in the study area. Estimation the levels of fertilizer requirements in the rice fields of Gilan province showed that in order to achieve the potential yield, 262 to 274 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer, 116 to 171 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, and 8 to 12 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer are needed. Based on the calculated fertilizer requirement, potassium has played the most important role in achieving the potential yield of rice in the province. Conclusion It seems that in many areas of Gilan province, the application of NPK levels in an inappropriate amount and time causes a decrease in rice yield. The results of this research can recommend the appropriate fertilizer consumption pattern to farmers through rice experts so as to achieve maximum yield and avoid problems such as phosphorus leaching due to excessive consumption. Introduction Rational fertilizer management is crucial in the efficient use of resources that are basically non-renewable and that can have a great environmental impact when used without scientific basis. The availability of scientifically sound decision-making tools for rational fertilization is scarce. FertiliCalc-Fertigate software is a program to determine the consumption of NPK fertilizers during the growing season in a cost-effective and sustainable way. Today, the geographic information system is widely used in spatial planning by determining the distribution of phenomena and combining maps and interpreting ecological data in different stages of planning. Also, the potential yield in an area can be estimated using field tests and simulation models. The ORYZA2000 model is one of the efficient models in investigating rice potential yield, which simulates the growth and development of rice plants under favorable conditions, water limitation and nitrogen limitation. In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the potential yield in Guilan province by integrating the ORYZA2000 model and geographic information system. Also, after determining the potential yield, the NPK fertilizer requirement estimated using FertiliCalc-Fertigate software. Materials and methods This research was conducted to investigate the potential yield of rice in Guilan province using the ORYZA2000 model. After calibrating and validating the model at the field test level, the model was used to evaluate the potential yield of rice in 12 synoptic stations of Guilan province. The processing of Landsat 8 satellite images was used to separate rice fields in Guilan province and the studied area was separated using supervised classification. The estimation of potential yield in Guilan province was done by combining GIS environment and ORYZA2000 model. The amount of radiation for the whole area was calculated from the Points Solar Radiation function in GIS. Then, from the relationship between the amount of radiation received during the rice growing season and the potential yield estimated in the ORYZA2000 model, the potential yield was calculated and generalized to the whole area based on the agricultural land use of Guilan province. Fertilizer requirement of lands was calculated using FertiliCalc-Fertigate 1.0 software. In order to evaluate the fertilizer requirement at the province level, first, 320 points were randomly selected in the rice cultivation area of the province and the fertilizer requirement of each point was determined based on the required information, including potential yield and soil information. Then the points were interpolated and the study results were presented in the form of fertilizer requirement maps. Research findings The results showed that the amount of radiation in rice fields in the Guilan area, during the growing season, was between 2552 to 6259 MJ/m2 (average 4405 MJ/m2) in 2016 and from 2423 to 5337 MJ/m2 (average 3880 MJ/m2) in 2017. The lowest amount of received radiation was in the central areas of the basin, which can be due to the topographic conditions of the area. Using the regression relationship between radiation during the growing season and potential yield, a potential yield map of rice fields was prepared. Based on the results, potential yield in rice fields of Guilan province was between 4416 to 7038 kg/ha (with an average of 5160 kg/ha) in 2016 and between 4558 to 7180 kg/ha (with an average yield of 5302 kg/ha) in 2017. Based on these results, the combined approach of ORYZA2000 model and GIS has a good ability to simulate potential yield in the study area. Estimation the levels of fertilizer requirements in the rice fields of Gilan province showed that in order to achieve the potential yield, 262 to 274 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer, 116 to 171 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, and 8 to 12 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer are needed. Based on the calculated fertilizer requirement, potassium has played the most important role in achieving the potential yield of rice in the province. Conclusion It seems that in many areas of Gilan province, the application of NPK levels in an inappropriate amount and time causes a decrease in rice yield. The results of this research can recommend the appropriate fertilizer consumption pattern to farmers through rice experts so as to achieve maximum yield and avoid problems such as phosphorus leaching due to excessive consumption.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_6138_9925a4747697b3cc7a5979de00c5617e.pdf

University of Guilan Cereal Research 2252-0163 12 1 2022 06 20 Evaluation of important agronomic traits related to yield and identification of superior quinoa genotypes Evaluation of important agronomic traits related to yield and identification of superior quinoa genotypes 99 114 6130 10.22124/cr.2023.23299.1745 FA Ebrahim Souri Laki Graduate Ph.D., Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Babak Rabiei Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Vahid Jokarfard Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Hassan Marashi Professor, Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ferdowsi, Mashhad, Iran Andreas Börner Professor, Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Leibniz, Germany Journal Article 2022 03 12 Introduction Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is adapted to many regions and has the ability to grow in desert and frosts conditions, and hot and dry climates. Due to the low water requirement of quinoa, the development of its cultivation can be expanded in most provinces of the country, and in addition to providing the food needs of the growing population, it can also help in creating jobs in these areas. Since the economic value of a variety depends on the value of its various traits, it is necessary to know the status of traits and the variation between genotypes in the studied population to improve and introduce cultivars. Although early maturity quinoa cultivars have been identified and/or improved in the native land of this plant in South America and in many European countries, so far, early maturity cultivars with the other suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics such as high grain yield and quality have not been introduced. The present study was conducted to investigate the important morphological and phenological traits related to grain yield and growth period among a number of foreign quinoa genotypes. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate genetic diversity between genotypes in term of the studied traits and to identify and introduce high-yielding, early maturity and plantable genotypes in the region. Materials and methods The plant materials of this research were sixty foreign quinoa genotypes with the origin of Peru, Chile and Bolivia, obtained from the Genebank of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Leibniz, Germany. The studied genotypes were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications in Koohdasht, Khorramabad province, Iran, in 2021 and were investigated in for important quantitative traits related to yield and yield components. The studied traits included number of days from seed sowing to growth stages of three leaves, inflorescence formation, inflorescence coloring, pollination and physiological maturity, as well as plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, grain saponin percentage and grain protein percentage. For data analysis, in addition to analysis of variance and comparison of means, the relationship between the studied traits was also evaluated by phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients, the traits affecting grain yield were identified by stepwise regression analysis, and direct and indirect effects of each trait on grain yield were estimated using path analysis method. Also, factor analysis was used to identify the hidden and independent factors affecting the studied traits and the reasons of traits correlation, and cluster analysis was used to group the genotypes and select the superior genotypes of this experiment. All statistical analyzes of this experiment were performed using SAS ver. 9.2 and SPSS ver. 25 statistical softwares. Research findings The results obtained from the various statistical indices indicated the existence of statistically significant differences and high diversity among the studied quinoa genotypes for most of the evaluated traits. Calculating phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients showed significant correlations between grain yield and 1000-grain weight (0.938 and 0.934), harvest index (0.964 and 0.852), panicle length (0.762 and 0.750) and number of panicles per plant (0.677 and 0.651), respectively. The results of stepwise regression and path analyses of grain yield showed that 1000-grain weight and main panicle length with the highest positive and significant direct effects on grain yield, were the most important predictive variables for grain yield. Based on the results of factor analysis, three independent factors justified 81% (40%, 32% and 9%, respectively) of total variation in the studied population. Cluster analysis based on Ward’s minimum variance method grouped 60 quinoa genotypes into three clusters, which included 25, 19 and 16 genotypes, respectively. The grouping resulting from the cluster analysis corresponded to the geographical distribution of the genotypes, so that the genotypes of Bolivia, Peru and Chile were grouped in the first, second and third clusters, respectively. A number of genotypes in the first and second groups with the higher values for grain yield, 1000-grain weight and panicle length, as well as the lower values for grain saponin content and phenological characteristics related to growth period, can be selected and suggested for use in the multi-regional trials to introduce the variety programs or for use in the future breeding programs. Conclusion The results of the present study showed a significant and very high phenotypic diversity among the studied quinoa genotypes. The superior genotypes identified in this research, after confirming the results in repeating the experiment, can be directly introduced as the new varieties and/or used as the suitable genetic resources in different quinoa breeding programs. Introduction Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is adapted to many regions and has the ability to grow in desert and frosts conditions, and hot and dry climates. Due to the low water requirement of quinoa, the development of its cultivation can be expanded in most provinces of the country, and in addition to providing the food needs of the growing population, it can also help in creating jobs in these areas. Since the economic value of a variety depends on the value of its various traits, it is necessary to know the status of traits and the variation between genotypes in the studied population to improve and introduce cultivars. Although early maturity quinoa cultivars have been identified and/or improved in the native land of this plant in South America and in many European countries, so far, early maturity cultivars with the other suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics such as high grain yield and quality have not been introduced. The present study was conducted to investigate the important morphological and phenological traits related to grain yield and growth period among a number of foreign quinoa genotypes. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate genetic diversity between genotypes in term of the studied traits and to identify and introduce high-yielding, early maturity and plantable genotypes in the region. Materials and methods The plant materials of this research were sixty foreign quinoa genotypes with the origin of Peru, Chile and Bolivia, obtained from the Genebank of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Leibniz, Germany. The studied genotypes were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications in Koohdasht, Khorramabad province, Iran, in 2021 and were investigated in for important quantitative traits related to yield and yield components. The studied traits included number of days from seed sowing to growth stages of three leaves, inflorescence formation, inflorescence coloring, pollination and physiological maturity, as well as plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, grain saponin percentage and grain protein percentage. For data analysis, in addition to analysis of variance and comparison of means, the relationship between the studied traits was also evaluated by phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients, the traits affecting grain yield were identified by stepwise regression analysis, and direct and indirect effects of each trait on grain yield were estimated using path analysis method. Also, factor analysis was used to identify the hidden and independent factors affecting the studied traits and the reasons of traits correlation, and cluster analysis was used to group the genotypes and select the superior genotypes of this experiment. All statistical analyzes of this experiment were performed using SAS ver. 9.2 and SPSS ver. 25 statistical softwares. Research findings The results obtained from the various statistical indices indicated the existence of statistically significant differences and high diversity among the studied quinoa genotypes for most of the evaluated traits. Calculating phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients showed significant correlations between grain yield and 1000-grain weight (0.938 and 0.934), harvest index (0.964 and 0.852), panicle length (0.762 and 0.750) and number of panicles per plant (0.677 and 0.651), respectively. The results of stepwise regression and path analyses of grain yield showed that 1000-grain weight and main panicle length with the highest positive and significant direct effects on grain yield, were the most important predictive variables for grain yield. Based on the results of factor analysis, three independent factors justified 81% (40%, 32% and 9%, respectively) of total variation in the studied population. Cluster analysis based on Ward’s minimum variance method grouped 60 quinoa genotypes into three clusters, which included 25, 19 and 16 genotypes, respectively. The grouping resulting from the cluster analysis corresponded to the geographical distribution of the genotypes, so that the genotypes of Bolivia, Peru and Chile were grouped in the first, second and third clusters, respectively. A number of genotypes in the first and second groups with the higher values for grain yield, 1000-grain weight and panicle length, as well as the lower values for grain saponin content and phenological characteristics related to growth period, can be selected and suggested for use in the multi-regional trials to introduce the variety programs or for use in the future breeding programs. Conclusion The results of the present study showed a significant and very high phenotypic diversity among the studied quinoa genotypes. The superior genotypes identified in this research, after confirming the results in repeating the experiment, can be directly introduced as the new varieties and/or used as the suitable genetic resources in different quinoa breeding programs.

https://cr.guilan.ac.ir/article_6130_96877291657d6a0801df8e0d3c140acb.pdf