رابطه مساحت مزارع گندم آبی حوزه مرکزی شهرستان اراک با تنوع، غالبیت و تشابه گونه‌ای علف‌های ‌هرز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده

با شناخت تنوع و غالبیت گونه­ای علف‌های هرز که متأثر از تغییر مدیریت زراعی و کنترل آن­ها است، می­توان این گیاهان را به­صورت کارآمدتری مدیریت کرد. در این تحقیق، تنوع گونه‌ای علف‌های ‌هرز مزارع گندم آبی حوزه مرکزی شهرستان اراک در دامنه مساحت­ کم­تر از یک، یک تا دو، دو تا چهار، چهار تا هشت و بیش از هشت هکتار در سال 1398 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در مجموع 74 گونه ‌علف هرز از 25 خانواده شناسایی شد که 61 گونه‌ دولپه‌ و 13 گونه تک‌لپه‌ بودند. همچنین، 38/78 درصد یک‌ساله، 62/21 درصد چند‌ساله، 95/95 درصد سه‌کربنه و 05/4 درصد چهار‌کربنه بودند. خانواده‌های شب‌بو و کاسنی دارای بیش­ترین تنوع گونه‌ای دو‌لپه و خانواده گندمیان متنوع‌ترین خانواده تک‌لپه بودند. ده گونه علف هرز غالب بر اساس شاخص غالبیت، شامل خاکشیر‌ شیرین (Descurainia sophia)، پیچک صحرایی (Convolvulusarvensis)، دم‌روباهی (Alopecurus myosuroides)، کنگر وحشی (Cirsium arvense)، گل گندم (Centaureadepressa)، علف‌ هفت‌بند (Polygonumaviculare)، شیر پنیر (Galiumtricornutum)، کله‌گنجشکی (syriacum Eeuclidium)، ناخنک (Goldbachia laevigata) و قندیل (Hypecumpendulum) بودند. ارتباط معکوس و معنی‌داری بین اندازه مزارع با شاخص‌های شانون- وینر و یکنواختی پایلو مشاهده شد و بیش­ترین مقدار این شاخص­ها (به­ترتیب 58/2 و 84/0) در مزارع با مساحت کم­تر از یک هکتار و کم­ترین مقدار آن­ها (به­ترتیب 48/1 و 61/0) در مزارع بیش­تر از هشت هکتار به­دست آمد. در مقابل، ارتباط بین وسعت مزارع با شاخص غالبیت سیمپسون، مستقیم و معنی‌دار بود و مقدار این شاخص در مزارع زیر یک هکتار و بالای هشت هکتار به­ترتیب 1/0 و 33/0 محاسبه شد. به‌طورکلی، نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تعداد محدودی از گونه­های علف­های هرز این حوزه در بیش­تر مزارع از پراکنش مناسبی برخوردار بودند و تراکم، فراوانی، یکنواختی و شاخص غالبیت بالایی داشتند و در صورتی‌که روش‌های معمول مدیریت مزارع ادامه یابد، احتمال کاهش تنوع گونه­ای و غالب­شدن علف‌های هرز مشکل‌ساز وجود دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The relationship between irrigated wheat field's area and species diversity, dominance and similarity of weeds in central region of Arak

نویسندگان [English]

  • Goudarz Ahmadvand 1
  • Javad Gholami 2
  • Akbar Aliverdi 3
  • Seyyed Saeid Moosavi 3
1 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Ph. D. Student, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
3 Assist. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
چکیده [English]

By understanding the diversity and dominance of weed species, which is affected by changes crop management systems and weed control practices, these plants can be managed more efficiently. In this study, the diversity of weed species of irrigated wheat fields was studied in an area of ​​less than one, one to two, two to four, four to eight and more than eight hectare in the central region of Arak, Iran, in 1919. A total of 74 weed species were identified from 25 plant families, of which 61 species were dicotyledons and 13 species monocotyledons, 78.38% annual and 21.62% perennial as well as 95.95% C3 and 4.05% C4. Also, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae families among dicotyledons and Poaceae family among monocotyledons had the highest species diversity. According to the dominance index, ten dominant weed species were flixweed (Descurainia Sophia), binweed (Convolvulus arvensis), foxtail grass (Alopecurus myosuroides), common thistle (Cirsium arvense), Iranian knapweed (Centaurea depressa), lowgrass (Polygonum aviculare), corn cleavers(Galium tricornutum), Syrian mustard (Eeuclidium syriacum), goldbachi (Goldbachia laevigata) and nodding hypecoum(Hypecoum pendulum). There was a significant inverse relationship between field size with Shannon-Wiener and Pielou's uniformity indices and their highest values (2.58 and 0.84, respectively), was obtained in the fields less than 1 ha and the lowest values (1.48 and 0.61, respectively), in the fields more than 8 ha. In contrast, the relationship between field size and Simpson's dominance Index was positive and significant and its value was calculated 0.1 and 0.33 for fields less than 1 ha and more than 8 ha, respectively. In total, the results of this study showed that a few weed species in most wheat fields in this region were well distributed and had high density, abundance, uniformity and dominance index and if the usual farm management methods continue, there is a possibility that species diversity will decrease and the problematic weeds will dominate.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Abundance
  • Dominance index
  • Plant density
  • Shannon-Wiener diversity index
  • Species richness
  • Uniformity
Amand E. M., Collins, S. J., Crowe, S., Girard, J., Naujokaitis-Lewis, I., Smith, A., Lindsay, K., Mitchell, S. and Fahrig, L. 2020. Effects of farmland heterogeneity on biodiversity are similar to, or even larger than the effects of farming practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 288: 2-13.##Ball, D. A. 1992. Weed seed bank response to tillage, herbicide and crop rotation sequence. Weed Science 40: 654- 656.##Ball, D. A. and Miller, S. D. 1993. Cropping history, tillage, and herbicide effects on weed flora composition in irrigated corn. Agronomy Journal 85 (4): 817-821.##Booth, B. D., Murphy, S. D. and Swanton, C. J. 2003. Weed ecology in natural and agricultural systems. First Ed. CABI Publishing. 303 p.##Booth, B. D., Murphy, S. D. and Swanton, C. J. 2004. Invasive ecology of weeds in agricultural systems. In: Inderjit (Ed.). Weed Biology and management. Springer Publication Co. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp: 29-45.##Caporali, F. and Onnis, A. 1992. Validity of rotation as an effective agroecological principle for a sustainable agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 41: 101-113.##Derksen, D. A., Anderson, R. L., Blackshaw, R. E. and Maxwell, B. 2002. Weed dynamics and management strategies for cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal 94: 174-185.##Dhole, J. A., Lone, K. D., Dhole, N. A. and Bodke, S. S. 2013. Studies on weed diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop fields of Marathwada region. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 2 (6): 293-298.##Gabriel, D. and Tscharntke, T. 2007. Insect pollinated plants benefit from organic farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 118: 43-48.##Hosseini, A., Zamani, G. R., Zand, E. and Mahmoudi, S. 2013. Community structure and species composition of water weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields of South Khorasan province. Journal of Agroecology 4 (4): 307- 315. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Hyvönen, T., Ketoja, E., Salonen, J.,Jalli, H. and Tiainen, J. 2003. Weed species diversity and community composition in organic and conventional cropping of spring cereals. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97: 131-149.##Jafarzadeh, N. and Minbashi Moeini, M. 2014. Community structure and weed mapping of irrigated wheat fields in West Azarbijan province. Journal of Weed Ecology 2: 55-70. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Kamal-Uddin, M. D., Juraimi, A. S. H., Begum, M., Ismail, M. R., Abdul Rahim, A. and Othman, R. 2009. Floristic composition of weed community in turf grass area of West Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Agricultural Biology 11: 13-20.##Khobragade, D. P. and Sathawane, K. N. 2014. Weed diversity in rabi wheat crop of Bhandara district (MS), India. International Journal of Life Sciences A2: 128-131.##Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Tabrizi, L., Azizi, G. and Jahan, M. 2007. Assessing species and functional diversity and community structure for weeds in wheat and sugar beet in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 1: 105-129. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Kooler, M. and Lanini, W. T. 2005. Site-specific herbicide applications based on weed maps provide effective control. California Agriculture 59: 182-187.##Kudsk, P. and Streibig, J. C. 2003. Herbicides: A two-edged sword. Weed Research 43: 90-102.##Legere, A. and Derksen, D. A. 2000. Weed community diversity and cropping systems: Concepts and applications. Proceeding of The 3rd International Weed Science Congress. June 6-11, 2000, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil.##Legere, A., Stevenson, F. C. and Benoit, D. L. 2005. Diversity and assembly of weed communities: Contrasting responses across cropping systems. Weed Research 45: 303-315.##Lososova, Z., Chytry, M., Kuhn, I., Hajek, O., Horakova, V., Pysek, P. and Tichy, L. 2006. Patterns of plant traits in annual vegetation of man-made habitats in central Europe. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8: 69-81.##Liina, E. M., Jarvan, A., Adamson, E., Lauringson E. and Kuht, J. 2012. Weed species diversity and community­ composition in conventional and organic farming: A five-year experiment. Zemdirbyste  99 (4): 339-346.##Markazi Agriculture-Jahad Organization. 2019. Table of statistics. Agricultural statistics of Markazi province. From https://jkm.maj.ir/Index.aspx?page.##Mateinzadeh, H., Alimoradi, L. and Behari Keshani, R. 2011. Evaluation of weed species, functional and structural diversity in apple gardens of Faryman. Journal of Weed Ecology 2 (1): 19-31. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Minbashi Moeini, M., Baghestani, M. A. Rahimian, H. and Aleefard, M. 2008a. Weed mapping for irrigated wheat fields Tehran province using geographic information system (GIS). Iranian Journal of Weed Science 4: 97-118. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Minbashi Moeini, M., Baghestanii, M. A. and Rahimian, H. 2008b. Introducing abundance index for assessing weed flora in survey studies. Weed Biology and Management 8: 172-180.##Noruzzadeh, S., Rashed Mohasel, M. H., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A. and Abbaspoor, M. 2009. Evaluation of species, functional and structural diversity of weeds in wheat fields of Northern, Southern and Razavi Khorasan provinces. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 6: 471-485. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Padarlo, A., Bazoobandi, M., Alimoradi, L. and Jahedipoor, S. 2008. Calculation of Shanon-Weiner and Simpson index in weeds community of saffron fields. Proceedings of the 2nd Iranian Weed Science Congress, January 29-30, 2008, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).##Plaza, H., Eva, M., Bastida, F.Yésica, P., Inmaculada, I. and José Luis, G. A. 2016. Relationship between weed diversity and crop yield in Spanish wheat fields. Proceeding of 6th Meeting of the EWRS Working Group: “Weeds and Biodiversity”. September 28-29, 2016, Riga, Latvia.##Poggio, S. L., Satorre, E. H. and Delafuente, E. B. 2004.Structure of weed communities occurring in pea and wheat crops in the Rolling Pampa Argentina. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 103: 225-235.##Pushak, S., Peterson, D. and Stahlman, P. W. 1999. Field bindweed control in field crops. New York. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.##Renne, I. J. and Tracy, B. F. 2007. Disturbance persistence in managed grasslands: Shifts in aboveground community structure and the weed seed bank. Plant Ecology 190: 71-80.##Richner, N., Holderegger, L., Linder, H. P. and Walter, T. 2015. Reviewing change in the arable Europe: A meta‐analysis. Weed Research 55: 1-13.##Rowe, E. C., Healey, J. R., Edwards-Jones, G., Hills, J., Howells, M. and Jones, D. L. 2006. Fertilizer application during primary succession changes the structure of plant and herbivore communities. Biological Conservation 131: 510-522.##Schumacher, M., Ohnmacht, S., Rosenstein, R. and Gerhards, R. 2018. How management factors influence weed communities of cereals, their diversity and endangered weed species in central Europe. Agriculture  8: 172. doi:10.3390/agriculture8110172.##Simpson, R. L., Leck, M. A. and Parker, V. T. 1989. Seed banks: General concepts and methodological issue. In: Leck, M. A., Parker, V. T. and Simpson, R. L. (Eds.). Ecology of soil seed banks. pp: 3-8.##Singh, A., Singh, S. and Dangwal, L. R. 2018. Diversity of weed species in wheat fields of district Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir. Agricultural Science Digest 38 (1): 1-10.##Storkey, J. and Westbury, D. B. 2007. Managing arable for biodiversity. Pest Management Science 63: 517-523.##Storkey, J., Bruce, T. J. A., McMillan, V. E. and Neve, P. 2019. The future of sustainable crop protection relies on increased diversity of cropping systems and landscapes. In: Lemaire, G., De Faccio Carvalho, P. C., Kronberg, S. and Recous, S. (Eds.). Agroecosystem diversity. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. pp: 199-209.##Thomas, A. G. 1985. Weed survey system used in Saskatchewan for cereal and oilseed crops. Weed Science  33: 34-43.##Trichard, A., Alignier, A., Chauvel, B. and Petit, S. 2013. Identification of weed community traits response to conservation agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 179: 179-186.##Veisi, M., Rahimian Mashhadi, H., Alizadeh, H., Minbashi Moeini, M. and Oveisi, M.  2014. Weed flora change in irrigated wheat fields of Kermanshah after a decade. Iranian Journal of Weed Science 10: 1-20. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Yun-He, H. and Sheng, Q. 2014. Analysis of farmland weeds species diversity and its changes in the different cropping systems. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 20: 786-794.##