واکنش برخی از شاخص های فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد ارقام گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) به کاربرد 6-بنزیل‌آمینوپورین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 دکترای تخصصی، استاد مدعو گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشکده باهنر پاکدشت، دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

به ­منظور بررسی اثر محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین بر تبادلات گازی، انتقال مجدد و تخصیص مواد فتوسنتزی ارقام گندم، آزمایشی در شرایط مزرعه اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل محلول­پاشی 6- بنزیل­آمینوپورین در دو سطح، صفر (شاهد) و 50 میکرومولار و شش رقم گندم (آزادی، کرج 3، روشن، فلات، سرداری و یاواروس) بودند که به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین سبب افزایش شاخص سطح برگ ارقام مورد مطالعه شد و رقم روشن بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ را دارا بود. سرعت فتوسنتز ارقام مورد بررسی نیز با یکدیگر متفاوت بود و کاربرد سیتوکینین سبب افزایش سرعت فتوسنتز شد. محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین انتقال مجدد ارقام فلات، روشن و سرداری را افزایش و رقم آزادی را کاهش داد، ولی بر ارقام کرج 3 و یاواروس اثر معنی­داری نداشت. تأثیر سیتوکینین بر تخصیص مواد فتوسنتزی به ساقه، برگ و سنبله در ارقام مورد بررسی بسیار متفاوت بود به­طوری که با کاربرد سیتوکینین، تخصیص مواد فتوسنتزی به برگ در رقم فلات کاهش و در سایر ارقام افزایش یافت، اما در مورد سنبله، تخصیص مواد به سنبله در رقم روشن کاهش و در ارقام کرج 3 و سرداری افزایش یافت، در حالی­که بر سایر ارقام اثرگذار نبود. در مقابل، تخصیص مواد فتوسنتزی به ساقه با محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین به­میزان 3/3 درصد کاهش یافت و ارقام سرداری، یاواروس و روشن بالاترین درصد تخصیص مواد فتوسنتزی به ساقه را دارا بودند. عملکرد ارقام کرج 3، یاواروس و سرداری با محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین افزایش یافت، به­طوری که بیش­ترین و کم­ترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار بدون محلول­پاشی به­ترتیب در ارقام آزادی (5700 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و روشن (3100 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مشاهده شد، در حالی­که در شرایط محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین، ارقام یاواروس و روشن به­ترتیب با 6300 و 3300 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیش­ترین و کم­ترین عملکرد دانه را دارا بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تأثیر سیتوکینین بر ارقام مختلف گندم و صفات مختلف، متفاوت بود، اما برای دستیابی به نتایج دقیق­تر و اطلاعات کامل­تر، پیشنهاد می­شود غلظت سیتوکینین داخلی ارقام گندم نیز مورد سنجش قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The response of some physiological indices and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to the application of 6-benzylaminopurine

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdie Sadat Hosseini 1
  • Hadi Salek Mearaji 2
  • Afshin Tavakoli 3
  • Reza Fotovat 3
1 M. Sc. Graduated, Dept. of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
2 Ph. D., Visiting Teacher in Dept. of Agricultural Science, Bahonar Faculty of Pakdasht, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
3 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

To investigate the effect of foliar application of cytokinin on gas exchange, remobilization and allocation of photosynthetic materials of wheat cultivars, an experiment was carried out under field conditions. The experimental treatments included foliar application of 6-benzylaminopurine at two levels (0 as control and 50 μM), and six wheat cultivars (Azadi, Karaj 3, Roshan, Falat, Sardari and Yavarus) which as factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replication were studied. The results showed that foliar application of cytokinin increased leaf area index (LAI) and Roshan had the highest leaf area index. Photosynthetic rate of the studied cultivars was also different and the use of cytokinin increased the photosynthetic rate. Foliar application of cytokinin increased the remobilization of Falat, Roshan and Sardari cultivars and decreased Azadi cultivar, but had no significant effect on Karaj 3 and Yavarus cultivars. The effect of cytokinin on the allocation of photosynthetic assimilates to stem, leaf and spike of the studied cultivars was very different, so that with the application of cytokinin, the allocation of photo-assimilates to leaf decreased in Falat and increased in the other cultivars, but in the case of spike, the allocation of photo-assimilates to spike decreased in Roshan cultivar and increased in Karaj 3 and Sardari cultivars, while it did not affect on the other cultivars. In contrast, the allocation of photo-assimilates to stem was reduced about 3.3% by foliar application of cytokinin and Sardari, Yavarus and Roshan cultivars had the highest percentage of the allocation of photo-assimilates to stem. Grain yield of Karaj 3, Yavarus and Sardari cultivars increased by foliar application of cytokinin and the highest and lowest grain yield was observed in the control treatment (no application of cytokinin) in Azadi (5700 kg/ha) and Roshan (3100 kg/ha) cultivars, respectively, while under cytokinin foliar application, Yavaros and Roshan cultivars with 6300 and 3300 kg/ha had the highest and lowest grain yield, respectively. The results of this experiment showed different effects of cytokinin on different traits and wheat cultivars, but to obtain more accurate and complete results, it is suggested to measure the internal cytokinin concentration of wheat cultivars.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Allocation photo-assimilate
  • Cytokinin
  • Grain yield
  • Photosynthesis rate
  • Remobilization
Ahmadi, A., Hoseinpor, T. and Porghasemi, R. 2017. The growth trend of seed of varieties of wheat. Plant Ecophysiology 28: 10-20. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ahmadi, A., Saeedi, M. and Jahansooz, M. R. 2005. Pattern of photosynthetic material distribution and grain filling in modified bread wheat cultivars under stress and non-stress conditions. Iranian Agricultural Sciences 36 (6):1333-1343. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H. R., Abde Shah, H., Kazemian, A. and Rafeie, M. 2021. Agricultural Statistics for the crop year 2020-21: Crops. Vol. 1. Ministry of Agriculture, Deputy of Program and Budget, General Directorate of Statistics and Information. 98 p. (In Persian).##Alizadeh, A., Nabipoor, M. and Rahnama, A. 2014. Effect of different levels of potassium on soluble carbohydrate remobilization in two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Productions 37 (3): 69-82. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Allahverdiyev, T., Jahangirov, A. and Huseynova, I. 2018. Dry matter remobilization, yield and yield components of durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat genotypes under drought stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany 50 (5): 1745-1751.##Ardalani, Sh., Saeidi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., Ghobadi, M. E. and Abdoli, M. 2015.  Evaluation of grain yield and its relationship with remobilization of dry matter in bread wheat cultivars under water deficit stress at the post anthesis. Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal 2 (2): 173-203. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Bakhshayeshi Geshlagh, M. 2012. Study of adaptability and grain yield stability of wheat cultivars in cold and moderate-cold climate of Iran. Crop Improvement 13 (2): 41-49. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Bashiri, Z. 2013. Study of performance, assimilate remobilization to grain and spike photosynthesis rate in rainfed wheat genotypes with farmer participation. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi) 106: 135-143. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Bayat, Z., Ahmadi, A., Sabokdast, M. and Joudi, M. 2012. The pattern of dry matter partitioning in wheat genotypes under irrigation and drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Sciences 42 (19): 821-832. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Brdar, M., Kraljević-Balalić, M. and Kobiljski, B. 2008. The parameters of grain filling and yield components in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum). Open Life Sciences 3 (1): 75-82.##Davani, D., Nabipoor, M. and Roshanfekr Dezfoli, H. 2017. Effect of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and dry matter remobilization of corn in different planting patterns under saline conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 10: 105-118. (In Persian with English Abstract).##De Oliveira Silva, A., Ciampitti, I. A., Slafer, G. A. and Lollato, R. P. 2020. Nitrogen utilization efficiency in wheat: A global perspective. European Journal of Agronomy 114: 1-13.##Dwivedi, S. K., Kumar, S., Mondal, S., Malviya, N. and Dubey, R. 2014. Physiological basis of cytokinin induced drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of AgriSearch 1 (3): 139-144.##Ehdaie, B., Alloush, G. A. and Waines, J. G. 2008. Genotypic variation in linear rate of grain growth and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield in wheat. Field Crops Research 106: 34-43.##Emam, Y., Karimzadeh Sureshjani, H., Moori, S. and Maghsoudi K. 2013. Yield Response of bread and durum wheat to different levels of auxin and cytokinin application under terminal drought stress conditions. Crop Production and Processing 3 (8): 93-104. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Emam, Y. 2011. Cereal production. 4th edition, Shiraz University Press, Iran. 194 p. (In Persian).##Fahad, S., Bajwa, A. A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S. A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim W., Adkins, S., Saud, S. and Ihsan, M. Z. 2017. Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1-16.##Farouk, S. and Sanusi, A. B. A. J. 2019. Potent induction of wheat flowering and its related to yield components. Journal of Animal and Poultry Sciences 19 (4): 270-278.##FAO. 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization. Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available online: http://www.fao.org.##Forouzi, M., Ehteshami, M. R., Esfahani, M. and Rabiei, M. 2016. Study the amount of dry matter remobilization and current photosynthesis in different seed sizes of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in Rasht. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research 3 (1): 47-61. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ghahramani, P., Mohammadi, S. and Hadi, H. 2018. Assessment of remobilization variation of bread wheat cultivars under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 8 (1): 37-48. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Gholipour, S., Ebadie, A. and Parmoon, G. 2016. Components of different genotypes of grain of bread wheat. Crop Physiology Journal 8 (31): 111-128. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Hamze, H., Asghari, A., Mohammadi, S. A., Sofalian, O. and Mohammadi, S. 2020. Grouping of spring wheat recombinant inbred lines in term of phenological and partitioning of assimilates in normal and water deficit conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 12 (4): 989-1002. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Jahangirov, A. A., Allahverdiyev, T. I., Talai, J. M. and Huseynova, I. M. 2019. Study of remobilization of winter bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) under rainfed conditions. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17 (3): 6981-6987.##Jalali Honarmand, S., Rasaei, A., Saeidi, M., Ghobadi, M. and Khanizadeh, S. 2016. Impact of foliar application of growth hormones at stages of yield components formation of two wheat cultivars under dry-land conditions. Crop Physiology Journal 8 (29): 43-57. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Jalali-Honarmand, S., Rasaei, A., Saeidi, M., Ghobadi, M. E. and Khanizadeh, S. 2015. The Effects of foliar application of plant hormones at booting stage on wheat yield components. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science 48 (1): 35-38.##Khamdi, N., Nabipour, M., Roshanfekr, H. and Rahnama, A. 2019. Effect of seed priming and application of cytokinin and auxin on growth and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Ahwaz climatic conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 21 (1): 31-44. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Khan, N. A., Nazar, R., Iqbal, N. and Anjum, N. A.  2012. Phytohormones and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Springer Science and Business Media.##Kumar, R., Sarawgi, A. K., Ramos, C., Amarante, S. T., Ismail, A. M., and Wade, L. J. 2006. Partitioning of dry matter during drought stress in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Research 96 (2-3): 455-465.##Li, X., Liu, Q., Yang, R., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., and Cai, E. 2015. The design and implementation of the leaf area index sensor. Sensors 15 (3): 6250-6269.##Long, S. P., Zhu, X. G., Naidu, S. L. and Ort, D. R. 2006. Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields? Plant, Cell and Environment 29 (3): 315-330.##Ma, S. C., Duan, A. W., Wang, R., Guan, Z. M., Yang, S. J., Ma, S. T. and Shao, Y. 2015. Root-sourced signal and photosynthetic traits, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, and yield stability in winter wheat as affected by regulated deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 148: 123-129.##Maddah Hosseini, S., Poustini, K. and Ahmadi, A. 2008. Effects of foliar application of BAP on source and sink strength in four six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Plant Growth Regulation 54 (3): 231-239.##Mehari, M., Alamerew, S. and Lakew, B. 2014. Genotype environment interaction and yield stability of malt barley genotypes evaluated in Tigray, Ethiopia Using the Ammi Analysis. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 13 (2): 73-79.##Miranzadeh, H. and Emam, Y. 2010. Evaluation of leaf area index, plant height, photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of four dryland wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 2 (2): 105-110. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Modhej, A. 2011. Source-sink relationship in wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) and triticale (Triticale hexaploid Lart.) genotypes under Ahvaz conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 9 (2): 258-264. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Mohammadi, H., Moradi, F., Ahmadi, A., Abbasi, A. and Poustini, K. 2011. Drought effect on hormone changes and carbohydrates levels in developing grains of two wheat cultivars. Crop Production 4 (4): 139-155. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Mojtabaie Zamani, M., Nabipour, M. and Meskarbashee, M. 2013. Evaluation of stem soluble carbohydrate accumulation and remobilization in spring bread wheat genotypes under terminal heat stress conditions in Ahwaz in Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 15 (3): 277-294. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Momtazi, F. 2018. Allelopathic effect of sunflower residues extract on wheat and rapeseed germination. Plant Ecophysiology 3 (9): 1-16. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Moradi, L., Siosemardeh, A., Sohrabi, Y., Bahramnejad, B. and Hosseinpanahi, F. 2022. Evaluation of dry matter remobilization, yield and yield components of three rainfed wheat cultivars affected by supplementa1 irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 14 (4): 939-949. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Naghavi, M. R., Moghaddam, M., Toorchi, M. and Shakiba, M. R. 2014. Evaluation of spring wheat cultivars for physiological, morphological and agronomic traits under drought stress. Journal of Crop Breeding 8 (18): 64-77. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Noor-Mohammadi, G., Ghodsi, M. and Kafi, M. 2009. Effects of water deficit and spraying of dessicant on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 12 (21): 1399-1407.##Papakosta, D. K. and Gagianas, A. A. 1991. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agronomy Journal 83: 864-870.##Paul, M. J. 2021. Improving photosynthetic metabolism for crop yields: what is going to work? Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 743862.##Reynolds, M. and Braun, H. 2019. Benefits to low-input agriculture. Nature Plants 5 (7): 652-653.##Rezaei Morad Aali, M., Eivazi, A. R., Mohammadi, S. and Shir-Alizadeh, Sh. 2013. Effect of drought stress on dry matter remobilization and grain yield of winter bread wheat genotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 15 (3): 262-276. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Rizzalli, R. H., Villalabos, F. J. and Orgaz, F. 2002. Radiation interception, radiation use efficiency and dry matter partitioning in garlic (Allium sativum L.). European Journal of Agronomy 18: 33-43.##Saeedi, M., Moradi, F., Ahmadi, A., Poustini, K. and Najafian, G. 2006. Effect of exogenous application of ABA and CK at different stages of grain development on some physiological aspects of source and sink relationship in two bread wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 8 (3): 268-282. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Salehi, F., Ahmadi, A., Mirabzadeh, M. and Rafei, H. R. 2020. Evaluation of storage and remobilization of stem dry matter of three wheat cultivars under different moisture regimes in before and after flowering stages. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Sciences 51 (1): 35-49. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Salehnia, N., Salehnia, N., Torshizi, A. S. and Kolsoumi, S. 2020. Rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield prediction using economical, meteorological, and drought indicators through pooled panel data and statistical downscaling. Ecological Indicators 111: 105991-106001.##Sarafraz Aradakani, M. R. 2019. Effect of cytokinin and brassinosteroid treatments on some biochemical and physiological of wheat cultivars under drought stress in generative phase. Crop Physiology Journal 11 (43): 5-24. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Sarafraz-Ardakani M. R., Khavari-nejad, R. A., Moradi, F. and Najafi, F. 2014. Abscisic acid and cytokinin-induced osmotic and antioxidant regulation in two drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars of wheat during grain filling under water deficit in field conditions. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6 (3): 354-362.##Scofield, G. N., Ruuska, S. A., Aoki, N., Lewis, D. C., Tabe L. M. and Jenkins, C. L. 2009. Starch storage in the stems of wheat plants: Localization and temporal changes. Annals of Botany 103 (6): 859-868.##Talebzadeh, S. J., Hadi, H., Aminia, R., Tajbakhsh, M. and Rezaie, M. 2018. Evaluation of sink limitation and assimilates distribution of wheat genotypes under terminal drought stress. Crop Improvement 19 (3): 717-732. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Wolters, H. and Jurgens, G. 2009. Survival of the flexible: Hormonal growth control and adaptation in plant development. Nature Reviews Genetics 10: 305-317.##Yang, D., Li, Y., Shi, Y., Cui, Z., Luo, Y., Zheng, M., Chen, J., Li, Y., Yin, Y. and Wang, Z. 2016. Exogenous cytokinins increase grain yield of winter wheat cultivars by improving stay-green characteristics under heat stress. PLoS One 11 (5): 1-19.##Yang, J. and Zhang, J. 2006. Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Phytologist 169 (2): 223-236.##Zaheer, M. S., Raza, M. A. S., Saleem, M. F., Erinle, K. O., Iqbal, R. and Ahmad, S. 2019. Effect of rhizobacteria and cytokinins application on wheat growth and yield under normal vs drought conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 50 (20): 2521-2533.##