ارزیابی مزرعه‌ای مقاومت به سفیدک پودری در ژرم‌پلاسم گندم نان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران

3 استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران

4 مربی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: سفیدک پودری گندم که توسط قارچ بیوتروف Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici ایجاد می‌شود، تهدیدی جدی برای تولید گندم در بسیاری از مناطق دنیا به­شمار می‌رود. این بیماری می‌تواند عملکرد را تا 45 درصد داده و با تأثیر سوء بر پروتئین آرد، کیفیت دانه­ها را کاهش دهد. به­دلیل اتخاذ سیستم‌های زراعی پربازده که مستلزم استفاده زیاد از کودهای نیتروژنی و آبیاری زیاد است و نیز به­دلیل تغییرات اقلیمی در جهت زمستان‌های ملایم‌تر و افزایش بارش در نواحی تولید گندم، اهمیت بیماری سفیدک پودری رو به افزایش است. یکی از مفیدترین راه­کارها جهت کنترل بیماری سفیدک پودری، شناسایی منابع مقاومت در بین ژرم‌پلاسم است که به­عنوان اقتصادی‌ترین روش در نزد زارعین نیز شناخته می‌شود. این تحقیق به­منظور شناسایی نمونه‌های ژنتیکی مقاوم به سفیدک پودری در کلکسیون گندم نان بانک ژن گیاهی ملی ایران انجام شد.
مواد و روش ­ها: مواد گیاهی این تحقیق، 173 نمونه ژنتیکی گندم نان از کلکسیون بانک ژن گیاهی ملی ایران دریافتی از کشورهای مختلف بود که به­منظور شناسایی منابع مقاومت به بیماری سفیدک پودری، به­مدت سه سال زراعی (1400-1397) در ایستگاه­های تحقیقاتی عراقی­محله گرگان و قراخیل ساری به­عنوان کانون‌های آلودگی تحت شرایط آلودگی طبیعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای ارزیابی واکنش مقاومت ژنوتیپ­ها به بیماری از سیستم امتیازدهی دو رقمی استفاده شد که در آن، رقم اول بر اساس توسعه آلودگی در ارتفاع گیاه و رقم دوم بر اساس شدت بیماری برحسب درصد آلودگی سطح برگ پرچم اندازه‌گیری می­شود. سپس از ترکیب دو معیار توسعه بیماری و شدت بیماری، ضریب آلودگی محاسبه و در تجزیه­های آماری استفاده شد. از تجزیه خوشه‌ای به روش K-Means به­منظور گروه‌بندی ژرم‌پلاسم و از تجزیه تابع تشخیص مبتنی بر مؤلفه‌های اصلی به­منظور تأیید نتایج تجزیه خوشه‌ای استفاده شد. ارتباط بین واکنش نمونه‌های ژنتیکی در سال‌ها و مکان‌های مختلف نیز با استفاده از تجزیه مقیاس‌بندی چندبعدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و سپس میزان پایداری واکنش مواد ژنتیکی مورد بررسی طی سال‌ها و مکان‌های آزمایش با استفاده از معیار پایداری اکووالانس ریک بر اساس ضریب آلودگی بررسی شد.
یافته­ های تحقیق: نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که متوسط ضریب آلودگی طی سه سال زراعی مورد مطالعه در ایستگاه قراخیل ساری از 05/0 تا 29/0 درصد و در ایستگاه عراقی­محله گرگان از 25/0 تا 33/0 درصد متغیر بود. مواد ژنتیکی مورد مطالعه با استفاده از تجزیه خوشه‌ای به روش K-means در پنج گروه مختلف تفکیک شدند و گروه چهارم با 68 ژنوتیپ، به­عنوان مقاوم‌ترین گروه شناسایی شد. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، نمونه‌های ژنتیکی KC 5292 (ترکیه) و KC 5824 (اتریش) به­عنوان ژنوتیپ­های مقاوم و نمونه‌های ژنتیکی KC 5389، KC 5579 و KC 5476 (ایران)، KC 5772، KC 5773 و KC 5384 (افغانستان)، KC 5133 و KC 5147 (پرتغال)، KC 5715 (ژاپن) و KC 5801  (با منشاء نامعلوم)
به­عنوان ژنوتیپ­های مقاوم تا نیمه­مقاوم شناسایی شدند و دارای با ثبات‌ترین واکنش نسبت به بیماری طی سال­ها و مکان­های گوناگون بودند.
نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که ظرفیت ژنتیکی مناسبی برای شناسایی منابع مقاومت به سفیدک پودری در ذخایر ژنتیکی گندم وجود دارد. مواد ژنتیکی برتر و مقاوم شناسایی شده در این تحقیق می­توانند به­منظور اصلاح مقاومت به سفیدک پودری در گندم در برنامه‌های به­نژادی آینده مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Field evaluation of resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat germplasms

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Zahravi 1
  • Mohammad Ali Dehghan 2
  • Hosein Ali Fallahi 3
  • Shahpour Ebrahimnejad 4
1 Research Assistant Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
2 Research Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran
3 Research Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran
4 Researcher, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Wheat powdery mildew caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a serious threat to wheat production in many regions of the world. This disease can reduce the yield up to 45% and reduce the quality of the grains by affecting the flour protein. Due to the adoption of high-yield crop systems that require high use of nitrogen fertilizers and high irrigation, as well as due to climate changes towards milder winters and increased rainfall in wheat production areas, the importance of powdery mildew disease is also increasing. One of the most useful strategies to control powdery mildew disease is to identify the sources of resistance among germplasm, which is also known as the most economical method among farmers. This research was conducted to identify resistant genetic samples to powdery mildew in the bread wheat collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran.
Materials and methods
The plant materials of this research were 173 accessions of bread wheat from the collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran received from different countries, which were investigated to identify the sources of resistance to powdery mildew under natural incidence conditions at the research stations of Gorgan and Sari as the disease hotspots during three crop years (2018-2021). A two-digit scoring system was used to evaluate the response of the genotypes to the disease, in which the first digit is measured based on the infection development in plant height and the second is measured based on the disease severity in terms of the infection percentage on flag leaf surface. Then, by combining these two criteria, disease development and disease severity, the infection coefficient was calculated and used for the statistical analysis. K-means cluster analysis was used to group the germplasm and determination function analysis based on principal components was used to confirm the cluster analysis results. The relationship between the reaction of accessions in different years and locations was also investigated using multidimensional scaling analysis, and then the stability of the studied accessions over the experimental years and locations was investigated using the Wricke’s equivalence stability criterion based on the infection coefficient.
Research findings
The results of this experiment showed that the average coefficient of infection during the studied three crop years varied from 0.05 to 0.29 percentage in Sari station and from 0.25 to 0.29 percentage in Gorgan station. The studied genetic materials were separated into five groups using K-means cluster analysis, and the fourth group consisting of 68 accessions was identified as the most resistant group. Based on the results of this experiment, the accessions KC 5292 (Turkey) and KC 5824 (Austria) were identified as the resistant genotype, and the accessions KC 5389, KC 5579 and KC 5476 (Iran), KC 5772, KC 5773 and KC 5384 (Afghanistan), KC 5133 and KC 5147 (Portugal), KC 5715 (Japan) and KC 5801 (unknown origin) as the resistant to semi-resistant genotype, and had the most stable response to the disease in various environments.
Conclusion
The results of the current research showed that there is a suitable genetic capacity to identify sources of powdery mildew resistance in wheat genetic stocks. The superior and resistant genetic materials identified in this research can be used to improve resistance to powdery mildew in wheat in the future breeding programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bread wheat
  • Powdery mildew
  • Resistance
  • Germplasm

مراجع

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تحقیقات غلات
دوره 12، شماره 1
خرداد 1401
صفحه 45-62

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