اثر روش کاشت و کود نیتروژن بر کارایی مصرف تابش، بیلان انرژی، ویژگی‌های خاک و عملکرد دانه گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

2 استاد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: امنیت غذا به­دلیل افزایش سریع جمعیت و تغییر شرایط آب و هوایی، خشک‌سالی و تنش گرما تبدیل به یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل جهانی شده است. غلات و به‌ویژه گندم از جمله تولیدات راهبردی و مهم کشاورزی محسوب می‌شوند و در الگوی غذایی و امنیت غذایی بسیاری از کشورهای جهان از جمله ایران از جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردار هستند. افزایش مکانیزاسیون، بهبود روش‌های تولید و مصرف گسترده کودها طی قرن بیستم، به افزایش تولید گیاهان زراعی کمک زیادی کرده و تولید محصولات کشاورزی نتیجه عملکرد پیچیده میان عوامل مختلف محیطی مانند ویژگی‌های خاک و عملیات مدیریتی است. روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی اثرات متفاوتی بر تولید محصول در زراعت دیم دارند. نیتروژن یکی از مهم‌ترین عناصر غذایی در تولید گیاهان زراعی است که بر رشد و عملکرد گیاه تأثیرگذار است. هدف از اجرای این آزمایش، تعیین مناسب‌‌ترین روش کاشت و میزان کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد دانه گندم و ویژگی‌های خاک بود.
مواد و روش ­ها: به‌منظور بررسی اثر روش کاشت جوی و پشته و مسطح و میزان کود نیتروژن بر ویژگی‌های خاک، کارایی مصرف تابش، بیلان انرژی و عملکرد دانه گندم رقم کوهدشت، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال‌های زراعی 1399-1398 و 1400-1399 در یک مزرعه آزمایشی در حومه شهر رستم آباد رودبار استان گیلان به‌صورت دیم اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل روش کاشت جوی و پشته (بستربلند) و  کاشت مسطح و کود نیتروژن در چهار سطح صفر، 75، 150 و 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع اوره بودند. صفات گیاهی و سایر شاخص‌های مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه، کارایی محصول‌دهی، کارایی مصرف تابش، محتوای پروتئین دانه، عملکرد زیستی، عملکرد دانه، جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک، تخلخل خاک و بیلان انرژی بودند.
یافته ­های تحقیق: نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که در تیمار 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن در روش کاشت جوی و پشته بیش­ترین ارتفاع بوته (3/66 سانتی‌متر)، عملکرد دانه (4908 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، وزن هزار دانه (40 گرم)، پروتئین دانه (11 درصد)، کارایی محصول‌دهی (88 دانه در گرم وزن خشک سنبله)، کارایی مصرف تابش (05/2 گرم بر مگاژول) و عملکرد زیستی (11349 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به­دست آمد. روش کاشت جوی و پشته باعث افزایش جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک (16/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب) و کاهش تخلخل خاک شد. از لحاظ مجموع انرژی مصرفی جهت تولید گندم، کم­ترین و بیش­ترین مقدار به‌ترتیب مربوط به روش جوی و پشته و مسطح (به‌ترتیب 1/11681 و 8/13606 مگاژول در هکتار) بود. علاوه بر این، بیش­ترین مقدار انرژی مصرفی در روش مسطح، به‌ترتیب به کود نیتروژن (51 درصـد) و سوخت (19 درصد) اختصاص یافت.
نتیجه­ گیری: افزایش میزان مصرف کود نیتروژن از طریق توسعه سریع پوشش گیاهی با دستیابی سریع به حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ، باعث افزایش تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه و جذب حداکثر تابش شد که در نهایت باعث افزایش کارایی مصرف تابش، ماده خشک گیاهی و عملکرد دانه شد. خاک‌ورزی به روش جوی و پشته به­دلیل به حداقل رساندن تردد ماشین‌آلات روی زمین، با کاهش عملیات آماده‌سازی خاک، باعث کاهش ساعت و انرژی مورد نیاز کار ماشین‌آلات در هر هکتار نسبت به روش کاشت مسطح شد. همچنین روش جوی و پشته همراه با کود نیتروژن باعث افزایش وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک و کاهش تخلخل خاک شد. با توجه به نتایج این آزمایش، به­نظر می‌رسد که آماده‌سازی زمین به روش جوی و پشته همراه با مصرف 225 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن در هکتار، به­دلیل برخورداری از شرایط مساعد آب و هوایی، از نظر عملکرد دانه و سایر صفات و شاخص‌های مورد مطالعه برای زراعت گندم رقم کوهدشت در منطقه مورد مطالعه مناسب‌تر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of planting method and nitrogen fertilizer on radiation use efficiency, energy balance, soil characteristics and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Hossein Nadimi Dafrazi 1
  • Masoud Esfahani 2
  • Gholamreza Mohsenabadi 3
  • Ali Aalami 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Food security has become one of the most important global issues due to rapid population growth and changing weather conditions, drought and heat stress. Cereals and especially wheat are among the strategic and important agricultural products and they have a special role in the food security of many countries of the world including Iran. Increasing mechanization, improving production methods and the widespread use of fertilizers during the 20th century have greatly helped to increase production and the production of agricultural products is the result of a complex interaction between various environmental factors such as soil properties and management operations. Different tillage systems have different effects on crop production in rainfed agriculture. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in the production of crops, which affects the growth and performance of the plant. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the most appropriate method of seedded prepartion and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat grain yield and soil properties.
Materials and methods
To investigate the effect of raised bed and flat planting methods and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on soil characteristics, radiation efficiency, energy balance and grain yield of Kohdasht wheat cultivar, a factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design layout with three replications in the cropping years of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were implemented in an experimental farm in the suburbs of Rostam Abad, Rudbar, Guilan, Iran. The experimental factors included the methods of raised bed and flat planting and nitrogen fertilizer at four levels of zero, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1. Measured plant traits and other indices included plant height, 1000 grain weight, fruiting efficiency, radiation efficiency, grain protein content,  biological yield, grain yield, soil bulk density, soil porosity and energy balance.
Research findings
Results showed that in the treatment of 225 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen in the method of raised bed and flat planting, the highest plant height (66.3 cm), grain yield (4908 kg.ha-1), 1000 grain weight (40 g), grain protein content (11%), fruiting efficiency (88 grain.g spike-1DW), radiation use efficiency (2.05 g.MJ-1) and biological yield (11349 kg.ha-1) were obtained. Raised bed planting methods increased the soil bulk density (1. 16 g.cm-3) and decreased soil porosity. The results showed that in terms of the total energy consumption for wheat production, the lowest and highest amounts were related to raised bed and flat methods, respectively (11681.1 and 13606.8 MJ.ha-1). The highest amount of energy consumed in the flat method was allocated to nitrogen fertilizer (51%) and fuel (19%), respectively.
Conclusion
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application through the faster canopy closure and sooner maximum leaf area index caused an increase in the number of grain.spike-1, 1000 grain weight and the absorption of radiation, which ultimately increased the efficiency of radiation, biomass and grain yield. Due to the minimization of the traffic of machines on the soil by reducing the soil preparation operations, the tillage system of the raised bed planting method led to a decrease in the hours and energy required for the work of the machines per hectare compared to the flat planting method. Also, raised bed planting system along with nitrogen fertilizer increased the soil bulk density and decrease the porosity. According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the method of raised bed planting along with the consumption of 225 kg of nitrogen fertilizer.ha-1 is due to having favorable weather conditions in terms of grain yield and other studied traits for the production of Kohdasht wheat cultivar in the region, the subject of study seems to be more suitable.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Energy
  • Fruiting efficiency
  • Radiation use efficiency
  • Rainfed wheat
  • Soil bulk density

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تحقیقات غلات
دوره 12، شماره 4
اسفند 1401
صفحه 367-382

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