بهینه‌سازی تولید ارزن پروسو با توجه به تاریخ کاشت و تجزیه و تحلیل رشد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 پژوهشگر، موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: نیاز روزافزون به علوفه در کنار چالش­های تولید آن مانند فشار بر مراتع، توجه به راهکارهای افزایش تولید در واحد سطح انواع گیاهان علوفه­ای را افزایش می­دهد. در میان گیاهان علوفه­ای، ارزن‌ها به‌دلیل تنوع زیاد، سازگاری بالا، تولید بالای ماده خشک و نیز ارزش غذایی فراوان می‌تواند به‌عنوان انتخابی مناسب در تناوب زراعی و الگوهای تولید مناطق مختلف قرار گیرند. این کار نیازمند آگاهی از تاریخ مناسب کشت این گیاه و آشنایی با چگونگی انطباق مراحل مختلف رشدی آن با شرایط آب و هوایی منطقه کشت است تا کشت و کار آن منجر به افزایش تولید شود. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر تاریخ‌های مختلف کاشت بر شاخص‌های رشدی ارزن پروسو و چگونگی هم‌نوایی مراحل رشد آن با شرایط محیطی، طراحی و اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای رسیدن به اهداف پژوهش، آزمایشی در دو سال زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار و چهار تاریخ کاشت (در سال اول 8 خرداد، 6 تیر، 7 مرداد و 7 شهریور و در سال دوم 14 خرداد، 16 تیر، 14 مرداد و 15 شهریور) انجام شد. با نمونه­برداری­های متناوب و اندازه‌گیری سطح برگ و ماده خشک اجزای مختلف بوته در کنار ثبت مراحل فنولوژیک، شاخص­های رشدی و پاسخ عملکرد ماده خشک گیاه و انطباق مراحل نموی گیاه با شرایط محیطی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.­
یافته‌های تحقیق: یافته‌های این آزمایش نشان داد که برهم‌کنش سال، تاریخ کاشت و زمان نمونه‌برداری بر انباشت ماده خشک و نیز شاخص‌های رشدی مورد مطالعه مانند شاخص سطح برگ (LAI)، سرعت رشد گیاه زراعی (CGR)، سرعت رشد نسبی (RGR)، سرعت جذب خالص (NAR)، نسبت سطح برگ (LAR) و نسبت وزن برگ (LWR) معنی‌دار  بود. در این پژوهش در نخستین سال زراعی، بیش‌ترین انباشت ماده خشک کل ارزن پروسو با میانگین 1030.8 گرم بر متر مربع با کاشت آن در تاریخ ششم تیرماه حاصل شد. افزایش ماده خشک ارزن پروسو در دومین زمان کاشت به نقش مؤثر شاخص سطح برگ به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین منبع تولید ماده پرورده و سرعت رشد گیاه زراعی ارتباط داشت. به‌عبارت دیگر، بیشینه شاخص سطح برگ (5.14 واحد) و سرعت رشد گیاه (35.5 گرم بر گرم در متر مربع) در ارزن پروسو در دومین زمان کاشت به‌دست آمد که این امر توانست ماده خشک آن را در مقایسه با سه تاریخ کاشت دیگر افزایش دهد. با این‌حال، در دومین سال آزمایش، با کاشت ارزن پروسو در نخستین زمان کاشت (14 خرداد)، شاخص سطح برگ (3.69 )، سرعت رشد گیاه (25.99 گرم بر گرم در متر مربع) و سرعت جذب خالص (18.13 گرم بر متر مربع سطح برگ در روز) به‌صورت قابل توجهی در مقایسه با سه تاریخ کاشت دیگر افزایش یافت. پیامد افزایش شاخص‌های رشدی اشاره شده، افزایش انباشت ماده خشک کل ارزن پروسو به‌میزان 734.66 گرم بر متر مربع بود که افزایش معنی‌داری در مقایسه با سه تاریخ کاشت دیگر نشان داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: در کل با توجه به یافته‌های این آزمایش می‌توان انتظار داشت که با کشت ارزن پروسو در بازه زمانی 14 خردادماه تا ششم تیرماه در رشت بتوان زیست­توده بیش‌تری در مقایسه با تاریخ‌های کاشت دیگر تولید کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimizing proso millet production according to planting date and growth analysis

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ghorbannezhad 1
  • Mohsen Zavareh 2
  • Mohamad Rahmani 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3 Researcher, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The increasing demand for diverse fodder plants, along with the challenges of its production such as the pressure on pastures, has led to increased attention to strategies for maximizing the production of these plants per unit area. Millets are a good choice for crop rotation and production patterns in different regions due to their high diversity, high adaptability, high dry matter production, and high nutritional value. However, the appropriate planting date and the compatibility of the growth stages of millet with environmental conditions are essential for maximizing production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different planting dates on the growth indicators of proso millet and how its growth stages are compatible with environmental conditions.
Materials and methods
To achieve the objectives of the research, a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Guilan. A randomized complete block design with four replications and four planting dates was used (May 29, June 27, July 29, and August 29 in the first year; and June 4, July 7, August 5, and September 6 in the second year). Plant growth indices, plant response, and the compatibility of plant growth stages with environmental conditions were investigated through repeated sampling, measurement of plant leaf area and dry matter of different plant parts, and recording of phenological stages.
Research findings
The results of this experiment showed that the interaction between year, planting date, and sampling time had a significant effect on the accumulation of dry matter and the growth indicators studied, such as leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net absorption rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf weight ratio (LWR). In the first cropping year, the highest total dry matter accumulation of proso millet, with an average of 1030.8 grams per square meter, was obtained by planting it on June 27. This was due to the maximum LAI (5.14 cm²·m²) and crop growth rate (35.5 g·m²·day⁻¹) obtained in the second planting time, which led to a significant increase in dry matter compared to the other three planting dates. However, in the second year of the experiment, planting proso millet on June 4 resulted in a significant increase in LAI (3.69 cm²·m²), CGR (25.99 g·m²·day⁻¹), and NAR (18.13 g per square meter of leaf area per day) compared to the other three planting dates. As a result of the aforementioned growth indicators, the total dry matter accumulation of proso millet was 734.66 grams per square meter, which showed a significant increase compared to the other three planting dates.
Conclusion
Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that the optimal planting date for proso millet in Rasht is between June 4 and June 27. Planting during this period resulted in the highest accumulation of dry matter and the most favorable growth indices. The findings of this study can be used to improve the cultivation practices of proso millet in Rasht and other similar regions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dry matter
  • Growth and development
  • Leaf area
  • Planting date

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