ارزیابی شاخص‌های انتخاب فنوتیپی و مولکولی برای بهبود عملکرد دانه در ذرت (Zea mays L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

2 استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: ذرت از جمله غلات مناطق گرمسیری و یک منبع اصلی تامین غذا برای انسان و دام و همچنین تهیه­ سوخت­های زیستی و فیبر در برخی نقاط جهان است. افزایش تولید ذرت از اولویت­های اساسی کشور محسوب می­شود. یکی از ارکان افزایش تولید، توسعه ارقام جدید پُرمحصول است. برای بهبود صفت پیچیده‌ای مانند عملکرد دانه که وراثت‌پذیری پایینی دارند، می‌توان از انتخاب غیرمستقیم توسط صفات دیگر و یا شاخص‌های انتخاب توسعه‌یافته بر اساس چند صفت استفاده کرد. در این مطالعه، شاخص انتخاب فنوتیپی خطی (LPSI) و شاخص انتخاب مولکولی خطی (LMSI) با استفاده از ترکیب صفات مورفولوژیک و نشانگرهای مولکولی ISSR آگاهی‌بخش تهیه شد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر نیز تهیه شاخص‌های گزینش مناسب در ذرت در راستای بهبود عملکرد دانه بود.

مواد و روش‌ها: مواد گیاهی این پژوهش 97 ژنوتیپ ذرت بود که در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با شش تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه کشت شدند. اندازه‌گیری صفات مورفولوژیک از مرحله تاسل‌دهی تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک انجام گرفت. برای تهیه پروفیل مولکولی ژنوتیپ‌های ذرت مورد مطالعه نیز از 16 ترکیب آغازگر ISSR استفاده شد. جهت انتخاب ژنوتیپ‌های مطلوب از دو شاخص شامل شاخص انتخاب فنوتیپی خطی و شاخص انتخاب مولکولی خطی استفاده و کارآیی شاخص‌ها با برآورد پارامترهای مختلف مانند میزان پیشرفت ژنتیکی و پاسخ به گزینش حاصل از آن‌ها مقایسه شد.

یافته‌های تحقیق: نتایج به‌دست آمده از شاخص انتخاب فنوتیپی خطی نشان داد که بالاترین میزان پیشرفت ژنتیکی بر مبنای شاخص (DG) برای صفت محتوای کلروفیل (99.15) و کم‌ترین آن برای صفت تعداد بلال در بوته (0.01) مشاهده شد. میزان بهره مورد انتظار از شاخص برای مجموع صفات مورد مطالعه (DH) و پاسخ به گزینش (RS) نیز به‌ترتیب 163.2234 و 0.774 برآورد شد. بر اساس شاخص انتخاب مولکولی خطی، بالاترین میزان پیشرفت ژنتیکی بر مبنای شاخص (DG) برای صفت مساحت برگ (99.31) و کم‌ترین مقدار آن برای صفت تعداد بلال در بوته (0.02) مشاهده شد. میزان بهره مورد انتظار از شاخص برای مجموع صفات مورد مطالعه (DH) و پاسخ به گزینش (RS) در این شاخص به‌ترتیب 50.972 و 0.774 برآورد شد. نتایج نشان داد که مقدار همبستگی شاخص و ارزش اصلاحی (rHI) در شاخص LPSI  معنی­دار و در حد نسبتاً مطلوب (کم‌تر از یک) و در شاخص LMSI معنی­دار و در حد مطلوب (یک) بود، اما کارایی انتخاب از طریق شاخص (ΔH) برای شاخصLPSI  برابر با 163.22 و برای شاخص LMSI برابر با 50.97 بود. از طرفی میزان پیشرفت ژنتیکی صفات با توجه به نوع شاخص متفاوت بود. به‌عنوان نمونه، نسبت میزان پیشرفت ژنتیکی برای صفات تعداد بلال در بوته و عملکرد از طریق شاخص مولکولی به فنوتیپی بیش‌تر از بقیه صفات و به‌ترتیب برابر با 2.00 و 1.28 به‌دست آمد. بهترین ژنوتیپ نیز بر اساس هر دو شاخص، ژنوتیپ شماره 61 بود.

نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده از تحقیق حاضر و مرور منابع انجام شده در این زمینه، به‌نظر می‌رسد که بتوان در پروژه‌های به‌نژادی در نسل‌های در حال تفرق اولیه از مزایای توسعه شاخص LMSI بهره‌مند شد، اما در نسل‌های پیشرفته‌تر بهتر است گزینش ژنوتیپ‌ها را با شاخص LPSI  توسعه داد که در این صورت هزینه ارزیابی‌های مولکولی هم کم خواهد شد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing the phenotypic and molecular selection indices for grain yield improvement in maize (Zea mays L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Marjan Jannatdoust 1
  • Reza Darvishzadeh 2
  • Hadi Alipour 3
1 Graduate PhD, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Maize as a tropical cereal is a main source of food for humans and livestock, as well as biofuels and fiber in some regions of the world. Increasing maize production is one of the main priorities of the country, Iran. One of the columns of increasing production is development of new high-yielding cultivars. To improve a complex trait such as grain yield that has low heritability, indirect selection by other traits or developing a suitable index based on several traits can be used. In this study, linear phenotypic selection index (LPSI) and linear molecular selection index (LMSI) were prepared using the combination of morphological traits and informative ISSR molecular markers. The objective of the present study was to prepare appropriate selection indices in maize to improve grain yield.
Materials and methods
The plant materials of this research were 97 maize genotypes that were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with six replications in the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Morphological traits were measured from the tasseling stage to the physiological maturity. Sixty ISSR primer combinations were also used to prepare the molecular profile of the studied maize genotypes. To select the suitable genotypes, two indices including linear phenotypic selection index and linear molecular selection index were used, and the efficiency of the indices was compared with the estimation of different parameters such as the rate of genetic gain and response to selection.
Research findings
The results of the linear phenotypic selection index showed that the highest rate of genetic gain based on the index (DG) was observed for chlorophyll content (99.15) and the lowest one for number of ears per plant (0.01). The expected genetic gain for all studied traits (DH) and response to selection was estimated at 163.2234 and 0.774, respectively. Based on the linear molecular selection index, the highest rate of genetic gain (DG) was observed for leaf area (99.31) and the lowest one was observed for number of ears per plant (0.02). The expected genetic gain for all studied traits (DH) and response to selection was also estimated at 50.972 and 0.774, respectively. The results showed that the correlation between index and breeding value (rHI) in the LPSI index was relatively favorable (less than one), and in the LMSI index was optimal (one), but both correlations were significant at 0.05 probability level according to the t-test. However, the efficiency of selection based on the index (ΔH) was 163.22 for the LPSI index and 50.97 for the LMSI index. On the other hand, the degree of genetic gain of trait (DG) was different depending on the type of index. For example, the ratio of genetic gain (DG) derived from molecular to phenotypic index for the number of ears per plant and grain yield (2.00 and 1.28, respectively) was higher than the other traits. Also, the best genotype based on both indices was genotype number of 61.
Conclusion
According to the results obtained from the present study and the review of sources in this field, it seems that it is possible to benefit from the advantages of development of the LMSI index in the breeding programs in early generations, but in advanced generations, it is better to select genotypes using the LPSI index, in which case the cost of molecular evaluations will be reduced.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Indirect selection
  • Marker-trait regression
  • Molecular index
  • Phenotypic index

مراجع

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