اثر تاریخ‌ کاشت بر عملکرد دانه و زیست توده ارزن پروسو در رشت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 محقق، موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: تولید گیاهان علوفه‌ای متنوع می‌تواند با کاهش مشکلات ناشی از کمبود علوفه، فشار بر منابع طبیعی را کاهش داده و با تأمین نیازهای دامپروی، به بهبود اقتصاد و امنیت پایدار غذایی کمک کند. در بین این گیاهان، ارزن‌ پروسو به‌دلیل تولید بالای ماده خشک و سازگاری به محیط‌های مختلف می‌تواند نقش مهمی داشته باشد. از آنجا که نخستین گام برای تولید بهینه علوفه، کاشت آن در زمان مناسب است، این پژوهش، با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر تاریخ های مختلف کاشت بر عملکرد دانه و علوفه ارزن پروسو در شرایط آب و هوایی رشت انجام شد.

مواد و روش‌ها: برای بررسی تأثیر تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده ارزن پروسو (رقم پیشاهنگ) در شرایط آب و هوایی شهرستان رشت (استان گیلان)، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان طی دو سال زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی در هر دو سال شامل چهار تاریخ کاشت بودند که در سال نخست، 8 خرداد، 6 تیر، 7 مرداد و 7 شهریور و در سال دوم، 14 خرداد، 16 تیر، 14 مرداد و 15 شهریور در نظر گرفته شد. برای اندازه‌گیری عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیست‌توده، خطوط اصلی هر کرت با رعایت اثر حاشیه برداشت و پس از توزین، بر حسب کیلوگرم در هکتار ثبت شد. اندازه‌گیری سطح برگ و تعیین بیشینه شاخص سطح برگ، از مرحله پنجه‌زنی تا برداشت نهایی انجام شد. برای تجزیه واریانس و مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SAS استفاده شد.

یافته‌های تحقیق: یافته‌های این آزمایش نشان داد که برهمکنش سال و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده ارزن از نظر آماری معنی‌دار بود، به‌طوری که با کشت ارزن پروسو در تاریخ ششم تیرماه در نخستین سال آزمایش به‌دلیل فراهم شدن بهتر شرایط دمایی، بیش‌ترین عملکرد دانه (2182 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و زیست‌توده (9927 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌دست آمد. در این سال، میانگین وزن ماده خشک خوشه برابر با 25.53 گرم در بوته، میانگین تعداد خوشه برابر با 15.08 عدد در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته برابر با 2121 عدد در بوته، وزن هزار دانه برابر با 5.23 گرم و شاخص سطح برگ 5.14 واحد بود. در سال دوم آزمایش و در نخستین زمان کاشت (14 خرداد)، پارامترهای هواشناسی مانند دمای بیشینه و کمینه (به‌ترتیب 30.24 و 21.46 درجه سلسیوس)، تابش خورشیدی (17.7 مگاژول بر متر مربع بر روز) و ساعت آفتابی (7.67 ساعت) از مقادیر مطلوب‌تری در مقایسه با سه تاریخ کاشت دیگر برخوردار بودند. شرایط محیطی مناسب در نخستین زمان کاشت در سال دوم آزمایش نیز موجب افزایش شاخص سطح برگ (3.69 واحد)، ماده خشک خوشه (11.77 گرم در بوته)، تعداد خوشه (6.75 عدد در بوته)، تعداد دانه پر (1345 عدد در بوته) و وزن هزار دانه (4.7 گرم) شد. افزایش مقادیر صفات یاد شده نیز در نهایت موجب افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه (1283 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد زیست‌توده (6537 کیلوگرم در هکتار) ارزن پروسو شد.

نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده از دو سال پژوهش می‌توان بیان کرد که با کاشت ارزن پروسو در بازه زمانی 14 خرداد الی 6 تیر می‌توان به بیشینه عملکرد زیست‌توده و دانه در منطقه رشت دست یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The impact of planting date on biomass and grain yield of proso millet in Rasht

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ghorbannezhad 1
  • Mohsen Zavareh 2
  • Mohamad Rahmani 3
1 PhD Student, Department of Plant Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3 Researcher, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Cultivating forage plants is an important way to address the problem of a lack of forage and its consequences, which can be beneficial to the economy and improving food security. Millet is an excellent source of forage for livestock because of its high dry matter production, low water footprint and adaptability to different environments. However, there is not available well documented experimental results on the crop planting date for Rasht, Guilan province, Iran. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the impact of various planting dates on the crop grain and biomass yield in Rasht, which could be extended to similar regions.
Materials and methods
To investigate the impact of various planting dates on the grain and biomass yield of proso millet (cv. Pishahang) in the climatic conditions of Rasht city, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the research field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, in two cropping years, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The experimental treatments in both years were four planting dates, May 29, June 27, July 29, and August 29 in the first year, and June 4, July 7, August 5, and September 6 in the second year. The central rows of each plot were used to measure grain yield and biomass respecting the margin effect, and recorded in terms of kg.ha-1. We tracked the growth of the leaf area over time by measuring leaf area and maximum leaf area index from tillering stage to final harvest. The SAS software was used to analyze variance and compare data values.
Research findings
The results of the study showed that the interaction between planting date and year had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, harvest index, leaf area index, panicle weight, panicle number, grain number, and a 1000- grain weight. In the first year, planting millet on May 29 resulted in the highest biomass (9927 kg.ha-1), grain yield (2182 kg.ha-1), panicle dry weight (25.53 g.plant-1), panicle number (15.08 per plant), grain number (2121 per plant), 1000-grain weight (5.23 g), and leaf area index (4.9). This was likely due to the favorable temperature conditions at that time of year. In the second year, planting millet on July 7 resulted in the highest biomass yield (6537 kg.ha-1), grain yield (1283 kg.ha-1), panicle dry weight (11.77 g.plant-1), panicle number (6.75 per plant), grain number (1345 per plant), 1000-grain weight (4.7 g), and leaf area index (3.69). This was likely due to the favorable meteorological parameters at that time of year, such as maximum and minimum temperature (30.24 and 21.46 0C, respectively), solar radiation (17.7 MJ.m-2.day-1), and sunshine hours (7.67 hours).
Conclusion
Overall, the results of the study suggest that planting millet in the period from June 4 to June 27 will result in the highest dry matter and grain yield in the Rasht region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forage
  • Leaf area index
  • Grain number
  • Temperature
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