بررسی تأثیر چند القاکننده زیستی مقاومت در گیاه گندم در برابر قارچ عامل سفیدک پودری Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجو دکتری، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

2 استاد، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

4 دانشیار، پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: گندم (Triticum aestivum)یکی از مهم‌ترین محصولات غذایی جهان است که با چالش‌های متعددی از جمله بیماری‌های قارچی مانند سفیدک پودری ناشی از Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) مواجه است. این بیماری می‌تواند عملکرد و کیفیت گندم را کاهش دهد. روش‌های رایج کنترل بیماری شامل استفاده از قارچ‌کش‌ها و افزایش مقاومت ژنتیکی گیاه است، اما این روش‌ها با محدودیت‌هایی مانند مقاومت بیمارگر‌ها و نگرانی‌های زیست محیطی مواجه‌اند. در نتیجه، توجه به روش‌های جایگزین مانند کنترل زیستی با استفاده از قارچ‌ها و باکتری‌های مفید افزایش یافته است. این عوامل نه‌ تنها با بیمارگرها مقابله می‌کنند، بلکه سیستم ایمنی گیاه را نیز تقویت می‌کنند. همچنین، مقاومت غیرمیزبانی به‌عنوان یک استراتژی پایدار و گسترده برای مقابله با بیمارگر‌های ناسازگار مورد توجه قرار گرفته و القای آن می‌تواند سطح بالایی از مقاومت پایدار در گیاه ایجاد کند. در نهایت، تقویت پاسخ‌های دفاعی مانند تولید گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن و فعال‌سازی آنزیم‌های مرتبط با آن‌ها، نقش مهمی در مقابله گیاه با بیماری‌های قارچی دارد.

مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، اثر چند عامل زیستی شامل قارچ‌های Tricoderma harzianum، Alternaria alternata، Serendipita indica و Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei(Bgh) و باکتری‌های Pseudomonas fluorescens و Bacillus subtilis بر پاسخ رقم‌های حساس و مقاوم گندم به بیماری سفیدک پودری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای این منظور از دو رقم گندم احسان و تیرگان به‌ترتیب به‌عنوان رقم‌های حساس و مقاوم استفاده شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی  با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای عوامل زیستی در مرحله دوبرگی روی گیاهچه‌ها اسپری شدند. نمونه‌برداری از برگ گیاهان شاهد و تیمار شده با عوامل کنترل زیستی برای اندازه‌گیری فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و پلی فنل اکسیداز و بیان ژن PAL در زمان‌های صفر، 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از مایه‌زنی با قارچ Bgt انجام شد. ارزیابی تعداد کلنی‌های تشکیل شده بیمارگر، هفت روز بعد از مایه‌زنی با قارچ Bgt صورت گرفت. تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با روش آزمون چنددامنه‌ای دانکن در سطح احتمال پنج درصد با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام و نمودارها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Excel رسم شدند.

یافته‌های تحقیق: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تیمار‌های مختلف عوامل زیستی در دو رقم حساس و مقاوم گندم در پاسخ به قارچ عامل سفیدک پودری تأثیر متفاوتی داشتند. تعداد کلنی‌های قارچ در رقم مقاوم به‌طور معنی‌داری کم‌تر از رقم حساس بود و کاربرد عوامل زیستی موجب کاهش کلنی‌های بیمارگر شد. در میان تیمارها، قارچ Serendipita indica در رقم مقاوم کم‌ترین تعداد کلنی را القا کرد. فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز در رقم حساس پس از تیمار با Pseudomonas fluorescens بیش‌ترین فعالیت را نشان داد که نسبت به شاهد 160.7 درصد افزایش داشت، در حالی‌که در رقم مقاوم تیمارهای P. fluorescens و B. graminis f. sp. hordei افزایش حدود 62 درصد را القا کردند. همچنین، فعالیت آنزیم پلی‌فنل اکسیداز در رقم حساس پس از تیمار با S. indica بیش‌ترین مقدار را نشان داد که نسبت به شاهد 190.2 درصد افزایش داشت. در رقم مقاوم، بیش‌ترین فعالیت این آنزیم مربوط به تیمارهای P. fluorescens و S.  indica بود که به‌ترتیب حدود 155.24 و 145.65 درصد بیش‌تر از تیمار شاهد بودند. علاوه بر این، نتایج بیان ژن PAL نشان داد که بیش‌تر عوامل زیستی موجب القای بیان ژن PAL پس از مایه‌زنی با قارچ Bgt شدند، اما بیش‌ترین بیان در تیمار P. fluorescens در 24 ساعت پس از مایه‌زنی با قارچ Bgt ثبت شد.

نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که عوامل زیستی تأثیر متفاوتی بر مقاومت به بیماری و فعالیت آنزیمی در گندم دارند و برخی از این عوامل می‌توانند به‌عنوان یک گزینه مناسب برای مدیریت بیماری سفیدک سطحی در گندم در نظر گرفته شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Studying the effect of several biological inducers of resistance in wheat against powdery mildew agent fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farideh Farajollahi 1
  • Valiollah Babaeizad 2
  • Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbari 3
  • Ali Dehestani 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important food crops worldwide, and it faces several challenges, including fungal diseases such as powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). This pathogen can reduce wheat yield and quality. Fungicides and increasing plant genetic resistance are indeed common methods for controlling plant diseases but, these methods face limitations such as pathogen resistance and environmental concerns. As a result, there has been increased demand to alternative methods such as biological control by beneficial fungi and bacteria. These microbial agents not only combat pathogens, but also enhance the plant immune system. Also, non-host resistance is considered as a sustainable and widespread strategy to combat incompatible pathogens, and its induction can create a high level of sustainable immunity in plant. Finally, enhancing defense responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species and the activation of their associated enzymes, plays an important role in plants defense response against fungal diseases.

Material and methods
This study examined the effect of several biological agents such as Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Tricoderma harzianum, Alternaria alternate, Serendipita indica, Pseudomonas fluorescences and Bacillus subtilis in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars against powdery mildew disease. For this purpose, two wheat cultivars Ehsan and Tirgan were used as susceptible and resistant cultivars, respectively. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were sprayed on wheat seedlings at the two-leaf stage. Leaf sampling of control and with biological agents-treated wheat plants at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation with Bgt, and then the samples were used to asses the activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, as well as the expression of PAL gene. The pathogenicity intensity was evaluated 7 days after Bgt inoculation. SPSS software was used to analysis of variance and comparative means using Duncan's test at a 5% probability level, and Excel software was used to create the figures.

Research findings
The results of this study showed that different biocontrol agents had varying effects on two wheat cultivars (susceptible and resistant) in response to the wheat powdery mildew pathogen. The number of fungal colonies significantly reduced in the resistant wheat cultivar compared to the susceptible one. In the resistant wheat cultivar, treatment of Serendipita indica resulted in the lowest number of colonies. In the susceptible wheat cultivar, catalase activity was highest upon treatment of Pseudomonas fluorescens, showing a 160.7% increase compared to the control treatment, whereas in the resistant wheat cultivar, catalase activity increased by about 62% in P. fluorescens and B. graminis f. sp. hordei treatments. Additionally, the highest activity of polyphenol oxidase in the susceptible wheat cultivar was observed in S. indica tratetment, with a 190.2% increase compared to the control treatment. In the resistant wheat cultivar, the highest activity of this enzyme was recorded in treatments with P. fluorescens and S. indica, indicating 155.2% and 145.7% higher activity than the control, respectively. Moreover, PAL gene expression level revealed that most biocontrol treatment up-regulated PAL expression after Bgt inoculation, with the highest induction recorded in wheat plants treated with P. fluorescens at 24 hours post-inoculation (hpi).

Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that biological treatments can have different effects on disease resistance and enzyme activity in wheat. These agents can be considered as a suitable option for plant disease management in wheat.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Antioxidant enzymes
  • Biological control
  • Induced resistance
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