Effects of humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on yield and yield components of durum wheat under drought stress condition in Shahr-e-Rey region

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Abstract

To study the effects of drought stress, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and humic acid on yield and yield components of durum wheat, an experiment was conducted at research field of Islamic Azad University, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini, Shahr-e-Rey, Iran, in 2011-2012 growth season. The experiment was carried out as split-plot factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental factors were irrigation regimes in three levels (irrigation after 80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) in main plots and humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, Azospirillum and Azotobacter pseudomonas) both in two levels, (application and non-application) as factorial in sub-plots. The results indicated that apart from the effect of humic acid on grain number and biological yield, the main effect of other factors were significant on all evaluated traits. In this case, decreasing irrigation interval to 80 mm, increased grain yield to 3655.37 kg/ha and application of PGPR increased grain and biological yield (9.4% and 4.6% respectively). The application of humic acid also increased grain yield (6.9%) compared to non-application. Among the interaction effects, only the irrigation × PGPRs were significant on peduncle length and number of spikes per m2. In this circumstance, irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan under both inoculated and non-inoculated grains by PGPRs showed the highest amounts of mentioned traits than control. The findings of this research showed that the positive effect of PGPRs on most studied traits was more than humic acid.

Keywords


Albayrak, S. and Camas, N. 2005. Effects of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.). Journal of Agronomy 4 (2): 130-133.#Alkozn, F., Honz, M. and Haby, V. A. 2008. Nitrogen fertilization timing effect on durum wheat production, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and residual soil nitrogen. Agronomy Journal 85: 1198-1212.#Alvarez, M. I., Sueldo, R. J. and Barassi, C. A. 2010. Effect of Azospirillum on coleoptiles growth in durum wheat seedlings under water stress. Cereal Research Communication 24: 101-107.#Astaraei, A. R. and  Ivani, R. 2008. Effect of organic sources as foliar spray and root media on nutrition of cowpea plant. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences 3: 352-356.#Burd, G. I., Dixon, D. G. and Glick, B. R. 2010. A plant growth-promoting bacterium that decreases nickel toxicity in seedlings. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 3663-3668.#Cox, W. J. and Jolliff, G. D. 2007. Growth and yield of durum wheat under soil water deficits. Agronomy Journal 78: 226-230.#Demir A. O., Goksoy, A. T., Buyukcangaz, H., Turan, Z. M., Koksal, E. S. 2007. Deficit irrigation of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) in a sub-humid climate. Irrigation Science 24 (4): 279-289.#Delfine, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E. and Alvino, A. 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy Sustainable 25: 183-191.#Eisa-Salwa, A.I. 2011. Effect of amendments, humic and amino acids on increases soils fertility, yields and seeds quality of peanut and sesame on sandy soils. Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 7 (1): 115-125.#El-Hefny, E. M. 2010. Effect of saline irrigation water and humic acid application on growth and productivity of two cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (12): 6154-6168.#Emtiazi, G. H. 2007. Soil microbiology. Mani Publication, Iran. pp: 79-107. (In Persian).#Esitken, A., Hilal, Y., Ercisli, S., Figen Donmez, M., Tyran, M. and Gunes, A. 2010. Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield, growth and nutrient contents of organically grown strawberry. Scientia Horticulturae 124: 62-66.#Foroud, N., Mundel, H. H., Saindon, G. and Entz, T. 2008. Effect of level and timing of moisture stress on durum wheat yield, protein, and oil responses. Field Crops Research 131: 195-209.#Fredrick, J. R., Camp, C. and R. Bauer. 2011. Crop ecology, production and management: Drought-stress effects on branch and mainstem seed yield and yield components of determinate soybean. Crop Science 41: 759-763.#Ghorbani, S., Khazaei, H. R., Kafi, M. and Banayan Aval, M. 2010. Effect of humic acid application in irrigation water on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). Journal of Ecological Agriculture 1: 123-131. (In Persian with English Abstract).#Hay, R. and Porter, J. 2006. The physiology of crop yield. Blackwell Publication. 314 p.#Heath, R. L. 1987. The biochemistry of ozone attack on the plasma membrane of plant cells. Advance in Phytochemistry 21: 29-54.#Khalilian, S. and Shamsodini, E. 2001. Study of the situation of natural resources enewabling (forest and range) in first and second program development.  Journal of Research and Construction 52: 19-21. (In Persian with English Abstract).#Kouchaki, A. and Alizadeh, A. 1995. Fundamental of agronomy in drylands. Vol. 1. Astan-e-Ghods-e-Razavi Publication, Iran. 260 p. (In Persian).#Jakoby, M. J., Weinl, C., Pusch, S., Kuijt, S. J. H., Merkle, T., Dissmeyer, N. and Schnittger, A. 2006. Analysis of the subcellular localization, function and proteolytic control of the Arabidopsis cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor ick1/krp1. Plant Physiology 141 (4): 1293-1305.#Kapulnik, Y., Gafny, R. and Okon, Y. 2010. Efeect of Azospirillum spp. inoculation on root development and NO3 uptake in wheat in hydroponic system. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 627-631.#Kaya, M., Atak, M., Ciftci, C. Y. and Unver, S. 2005. Effects of zinc and humic acid applications on yield and some yield components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Graduate School and Natural Applied Science 9 (3): 315-321.#Khaliq, A. 2004. Irrigation and nitrogen management effects on productivity of hybrid durum wheat (Triticum durum L.). Ph. D. Dissertation. Faisalabad University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.#Liu, X. L., Gao, Z., Liu, C. S. and Si, L. Z. 1996. Effect of combined application of organic manure and fertilizers on crop yield and soil fertility in a located experiment. Acta Pedologica Sinica
33: 138-147.#Nezami, S. 2006. Determination of suitable management method for yield and . M. Sc. Dissertation. Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).#Noormohammadi, Gh., Siadat, A. and Kashani, A. 1997. Cereal cultivation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Press, Ahvaz, Iran. 446 p. (In Persian).#Pang, X. P. and Letey, J. 2009. Organic farming: Challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen reqirements. Soil Science Society of American Journal 64: 247-253.#Pannu, R. K., Singh, D. P., Singh, P., Sangwan, V. P. and Chaudhary, B. D. 2005. Effect of moisture stress on growth, partitioning of biomass and harvest index of oilseed brassicas. Crop Research 5: 31-43.#Remans, R., Croonenborghs, A. and Gutierez, R. 2010. Effects of plant growth prompting rhizobacteria on nodulation of Phseolus vulgaris L. are dependent on plant P nutrition. Europian Journal of  Plant Pathology 119: 341-351.#Ribas-Carbo, M., Taylor, N. L., Giles, L., Busquets, S., Finnegan, P. M., Day, D. A., Lambers, H., Medrano, H., Berry, J. A. and Flexas, J. 2005. Effects of water stress on respiration in soybean leaves. Plant Physiology 139: 466-473.#Samavat, S. and Malakuti, M. 2005. Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality of agriculture productions. Water and Soil Researche 463: 1-13.#Saruhan, V., Kusvuran, A. and Babat, S. 2011. The effect of different humic acid fertilization on yield and yield components performances of common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Science Research Essays 6 (3): 663-669.#Sebahattin, A. and Necdet, C. 2005. Effects of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield components of forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.). Agronomy Journal 4: 130-133.#Sharma, A. K. 2006. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Agrobios. India. 407 p.#Sifola, M. I. and Barbieri, G. 2006. Growth, yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Scientic Horticulturae 108: 408-413.#Sinclair, T. R., Bennett, J. M. and Muchow, R. C. 1990. Relative sensitivity of grain yield and biomass accumulation to drought in field grown maize. Crop Science 30: 690-693.#Stancheva, I. and Dinev, N. 2003. Effect of inoculation of maize and species of tribe Triticeae with Azospirillum brasilense. Journal of Plant Physiology 4: 550-552.#Taylor, A. J., Smith, C. J. and Wilson, I. B. 1991. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola. Fertilizer Research 29: 249-260.#Vessey, J. K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil 255: 571-586.#Zahir, A. Z., Arshad, M. and Frankenberger, W. F. 2004. Plant growth rhizobacteria: Application and perspective. Advances in Agronomy 81: 97-168.