Usefulness of quantitative morphological and phenological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) in preparating national guidelines of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Research Instructor, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

2 Prof.,Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University ofGuilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Prof.,Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Selecting quantitative characteristics, division of their expression ranges and selecting the check varieties are key issues on preparation of DUS test guidelines,so that based on these characteristics can evaluate three conditionsof a new variety; distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS). To prepare national DUS test guidelines in maize (Zea mays L.), a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications and 28 varieties and lines at Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute(SPCRI), Karaj, Iran,during 2014 and 2015. First, a total of 49 qualitative and quantitative morphological and phenological characteristics proposed by international union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV), community plant variety office (CPVO), India (PPV&FRA) and Philippines (PVPO),were selected and evaluated.Then,ten quantitative characteristics based on within-variety uniformity by usingcoefficient of variation, correlation among characteristics, heritability,stability in two years and principal component analysis, were selected for the national DUS test guidelines. The expression ranges of these ten selected quantitative characteristics were divided into different situationsusing the descriptive statistics and frequency distribution of the varieties. The plant height with two peaks in the frequency distribution chart of the varieties was categorized as grouping characteristic, whileothernine selected quantitative characteristics had only one peak andwere selected as standard characteristics. Finally, KSC704 hybrid and two maternal lines Fajr and Mobin were determined as the check varieties for plant heightusing boxplot. It is also proposed to use this method as an efficient method for preparingDUS guidelines for other plant genera.

Keywords


Barnabás, B., Jäger, K. and Fehér, A. 2008. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant, Cell andEnvironment 31(1):11-38.##Begum, T. and Kumar, D. 2011. Usefulness of morphological characteristics for DUS testing of jute (Corchorus olitorius L. and C. capsularis L.). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research9(2): 473-483.##Borys, J., Kowalczyk, B.and Waszak, J. 2000. Distinctness, uniformity and stability testing of tomato varieties in Poland. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 22: 225-229.##Choqan, R., Hosseinzadeh, A., Ghanadha, M. R., Talei, A. and Mohammadi, S. A. 2006.classification of maize inbred linesbased on morphological traits. Seed and Plant 21(1):139-157.(In Persian with English Abstract).##CPVO. 2010. Protocol for distinctness, uniformity and stability tests, maize (Zea mays L.). DocumentTP/002/3, Community Plant Variety Office, Angers, France.##Crossa, J., Basford, K., Taba, S., DeLacy, I. and Silva, E. 1995. Three-mode analyses of maize using morphological and agronomic attributes measured in multilocational trials. Crop Science 35(5):1483-1491.##DeWitt, T. J. and Scheiner, S. M. 2004. Phenotypic variation from single genotypes: A primer. Oxford University Press, New York.##Falconer, D. S. 1989.Introduction to quantitative genetics. Longman, London, New York.##Fleck, B. and Baldock, C. 2003. Intellectual property protection for plant related inventions in Europe. Nature Biotechnology 4:834-838.##Fonseca, A.E., Westgate, M.E., Grass, L. and Dornbos, D.L. 2003. Tassel morphology as an indicator of potential pollen production in maize. Crop Management 2(1):1-13.##Furones-Pérez, P. and Fernández-López, J. 2009. Usefulness of 13 morphological and phenological characteristics of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) for use in the DUS test. Euphytica 167: 1-21.##Galarreta, J.R. and Alvarez, A. 2001. Morphological classification of maize landraces from northern Spain. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48(4):391-400.##Goodman, M.M. and Bird, R.M. 1977. The races of maize IV: Tentative grouping of 219 Latin American races. Economic Botany 31(2): 204-221.##Gouesnard, B., Dallard, J., Panouille, A. and Boyat, A. 1997. Classification French maize populations based on morphological traits. Agronomy 17 (9-10):491-498.##Higgins, J. and Evans, J.L. 1984. Standards employed in distinctness, uniformity and stability tests of faba bean cultivars. In: Chapman, G. P. and Taravali, S. A. (Eds.). Systems for cytogenetic analysis in Vicia faba L. Springer, The Netherlands. pp:118-125.##Jördens, R. 2005. Progress of plant variety protection based on the international convention for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV convention). World Patent Information 27: 232-243.##Le Buanec, B. 2006. Protection of plant-related innovations: Evolution and current discussion. World Patent Information28: 50-62.##Liang, C., Yu, F. L., Yao, M .Z., Bo, L. U., Kun, Y. and Du, Y. Y.  2008. Preparation of the UPOV guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability: Tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Agricultural Sciences in China 7:224-231.##Llaurado, M. and Moreno Gonzales, J. 1993.Classification of northern Spanish population of maize by methods of numerical taxonomy. 1: Morphological traits. Maydica 38:15-21.##Patterson, H.D. and Weatherup, S.T.C. 1984. Statistical criteria for distinctness between varieties of herbage crops. The Journal of Agricultural Science 102(01):59-68.##PPV and FRA. 2007. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability on maize (Zea mays L.). Document SG/03/2007. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority,Government of India.##PVPO. 2014. National guidelines for the conduct of test for distinctness, uniformity and stability in corn (Zea mays L.). Philippine Plant Variety Protection Office,Retrieved July 20, 2016, from http://www.pvpo.bpinsicpvpo.com.ph/guidelines.php.##SAS. 2009. SAS user’s guide: Statistics. Version 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.##SPCRI. 2009.Act of plant varieties registration, control and certification of seed and plant material. Seed and Plant Certification and Registration institute. 80 p.(In Persian).##Sun, H. Y., Yang, L., Zhang, J. H. and Wang, Y. Z. 2008. Classificationcriteria of some quantitative characteristics of apricot germplasm resources. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 24:147-151.##Thomison, P. 2007. Drought and heat stress affecting corn yield potential. C.O.R.N. Newsletter, 2007-21. Retrieved July 24, 2016, from http://agcrops.osu.edu/newsletters/2007/21#9.##Tripp, R., Louwaars, N.and Eaton, D. 2007. Plant variety protection in developing countries. A report from the field.Food Policy 32:354-371.##UPOV. 1991. International conventionfor the protection of new varieties of plants. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Publication No. 221 (E), March 19, Geneva, Switzerland.##UPOV. 2002. General introduction to the examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability and the development of harmonized descriptions of new varieties of plants. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.Document TG/1/3, Geneva, UPOV Secretariat.##UPOV.2004. Development of test guidelines. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.Document TG/7/1,Geneva, Switzerland.##UPOV.2009.Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability in maize (Zea mays L.). International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.Document TG/2/7, Geneva, Switzerland.##UPOV.2010. Trial design and techniques used in the examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of PlantsDocumentTG/8/1, Geneva, Switzerland.##Watson, S., Ward, J. and Weatherup,S.T.C. 1998. DUST: Distinctness, uniformity and stability analysis system,version 9.1.0. Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland.##Yadav, V.K. and Singh, I. S. 2010. Comparative evaluation of maize inbred lines (Zea mays L.) according to DUS testing using morphological, physiological and molecular markers. Agricultural Sciences1(03): 131-142.##Zadoks J.C., Chang, T. T. and Konzak, C.F. 1974. Decimal code for the growth states of cereals.EUCARPIA Bulletin 7: 42-52.