Identification of the virulence factors of Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei, the causal agent of barley powdery mildew in northeast and northern regions of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Research Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran

2 Researcher, Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

3 Researcher, Dept. of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran

4 Research Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Cereal Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran (The present address: Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology,

Abstract

Powdery mildew of barley caused by the fungal pathogen, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, is one of the most important leaf diseases of barley in Iran. This study was carried out to determine the virulence factors in the population of the fungus causing powdery mildew in major conductive regions of the disease in the northeast and north regions of Iran and to identify new sources of resistance. Trap nurseries (53 lines and cultivars) including cv. Pallas, 18 near-isogenic lines in the background of Pallas and a supplementary set including 34 cultivars carrying known or unknown resistance gene (s) were evaluated against powdery mildew under the natural conditions at four powdery mildew hotspot locations in northeast and north of Iran including Mashhad, Karaj, Gorgan and Ghaemshar, during three consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2016). The results of evaluation of near-isogenic lines and supplementary set in different regions showed that there was a variation in virulence spectrum of the pathogen in these locations. Virulence factors for Mlk(1), Mlp, Mlat, MlLa, Mlh, Mla22 and Mlk resistance genes appear to be common in all locations. These genes are reported as ineffective resistance genes in Iran. Virulence for the Mlp gene that was reported to be effective in many regions was appeared in Mashhad, Gorgan and Ghaemshar. The results of this study also indicated that the new virulence factors is appeared for the MlLa gene in Mashhad, Gorgan and Ghaemshar, for the Mlg and MlCP resistance genes in Mashhad and Gorgan and for the Mla3 resistance gene in Mashhad. The findings of this study indicate that the Mla7, Ml(No3), mlo5  Mla9, Mla13, ، Ml(Ru3), Mla10, Ml(Du2), Mla12, Ml(Em2) are effective in Iran and could be used as new sources of resistance in breeding programs.

Keywords


Ames, N., Dreiseitl, A., Steffenson, B. J. and Muehlbauer, G. J. 2015. Mining wild barley for powdery mildew resistance. Plant Pathology 64: 1396-1406.##Behdad, E. 2006. Phytopathology and important plant disease. Atre Etrat Publication. 785 p.##Bihamta, M. R., Khalili Azar, R., PatPour, M. and Shahve, Sh. 2012. Study on pathogenicity factors of barley powdery mildew in some regions of Iran. Proceedings of the 12th Congress of Iranian Genetics Society. 21 May, Tehran, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/226719 12. (In Persian).##Brent, K. J. and Hollomon, D. W. 2007. Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: How can it be managed? FRAC Monograph 1. Second Edition. Brussels, Crop Life International Brussels. 55 p.##Czembor, J. H. 2000. Resistance to powdery mildew in barley landraces from Morocco. Journal of Plant Pathology 82: 187-200.##Czembor, J. H. 2001. Resistance to powdery mildew in selections from barley landraces collected in Greece. Agricultural and Food Science 10: 133-142.##Czembor, J. H. and Czembor H. J. 2000. Powdery mildew resistance in selections from Moroccan barley landraces. Phytoparasitica 28: 65-78.##Dreiseitl, A. 2003. Adaptation of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei to barley resistance genes in the Czech Republic in 1971-2000. Plant, Soil and Environment 49 (6): 241-248.##Hovmøller, M. S., Caffier, V., Jalli, M., Andersen, O., Besenhofer, G., Czembor, J. H., Dreiseitl, A., Felsenstein, F., Fleck, A., Heinrics, F., Jonsson, R., Limpert, E., Mercer, P., Plesnik, S., Rashal, I., Skinnes, H., Slater, S. and Vronska, O. 2000. The European barley powdery mildew virulence survey and disease nursery 1993-1999. Agronomie 20: 729-743.##Ershad, J. 2009. Fungi of Iran. Third  Edition. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. 531 p.##Eyal, Z., Scharen, A. L., Prescott, J. M. and van Ginkel, M. 1987. The Septoria diseases of wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management. Mexico, D. F. CIMMYT. 24 p.##Flor, H. 1942. Inheritance of pathogenicity of Melamp-sora lini. Phytopathology 32 (8): 653-669.##Jørgensen, J. H. 1992. Discovery, characterization and exploitation of Mlo powdery mildew resistance in barley. Euphytica 63: 141-152.##Jørgensen, H. 1994. Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in barley. Critical Review in Plant Sciences 13: 97-119.##Kokina, I. and Rashal, I. 2006. Monitoring the population of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in the south-eastern part of Latvia. Agronomy Research 4: 231-236.##Kolster, P., Munk, L., Stolen, O. and Lohde, J. 1986. Near-isogenic barley lines with genes for resistance to powdery mildew. Crop Science 26: 903-907.##Maramat, M. J., Moosavi, M. R, Keshavarzi, M. and Taeb, M. 2013. Investigation on barely powdery mildew virulence factors in Fars province, Iran. Journal of Research in Plant Pathology 1 (3): 17-25.##McDonald, B. A. and Linde, C. 2002. The population genetics of plant pathogens and breeding strategies for durable resistance. Euphytica 124: 163-180.##Opalski, K. S., Tresch S., Kogel, K. H., Grossmann, K., Kohle, H. and Huckelhoven, R. 2006. Metrafenone: Studies on the mode of action of a novel cereal powdery mildew fungicide. Pest Management Science 62: 393-401.##PatPour, M., Aghnoum, R., Dad Rezaei, S. T., Houshyar, R., Dehghan, M. A. and Ahmadian Moghadam, M. S. 2003. Study on virulence of barley powdery mildew by trap nursery in different regions of Iran. Final report of research project. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).##PatPour, M., Torabi, M., Afshari, F., Aghnoum, R., Dehghan, M. A., Dad Rezaei, S. T. and Ahmadian Moghadam, M. S. 2005. Virulence factores of barley powdery mildew pathogen and their variation in some parts of Iran during 2000-2002. Seed and Plant 21 (2): 303-313. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Rsaliyev, A., Pahratdinova, Z. and Rsaliyev, S. 2017. Characterizing the pathotype structure of barley powdery mildew and effectiveness of resistance genes to this pathogen in Kazakhstan. BMC Plant Biology 178. doi: 10.1186/s12870-017-1130-3.##Saari, E. E. and Prescott, J. M. 1975. A scale for appraising the foliar intensity of wheat disease. Plant Disease Reporter 59: 377-380.##Tucker, M. A., Jayasena, K., Ellwood, S. R. and Oliver, R. P. 2013. Pathotype variation of barley powdery mildew in western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 42 (5): 617-623.##Yahyaoui, A. H., Reinhold, M. and Scharen, A. L. 1997. Virulence spectrum in populations of the barley powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in Tunisia and Morocco in 1992. Plant Pathology 46: 139-146.##