Effect of planting method and nitrogen fertilizer on radiation use efficiency, energy balance, soil characteristics and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

10.22124/cr.2023.25076.1776

Abstract

Introduction
Food security has become one of the most important global issues due to rapid population growth and changing weather conditions, drought and heat stress. Cereals and especially wheat are among the strategic and important agricultural products and they have a special role in the food security of many countries of the world including Iran. Increasing mechanization, improving production methods and the widespread use of fertilizers during the 20th century have greatly helped to increase production and the production of agricultural products is the result of a complex interaction between various environmental factors such as soil properties and management operations. Different tillage systems have different effects on crop production in rainfed agriculture. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in the production of crops, which affects the growth and performance of the plant. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the most appropriate method of seedded prepartion and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat grain yield and soil properties.
Materials and methods
To investigate the effect of raised bed and flat planting methods and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on soil characteristics, radiation efficiency, energy balance and grain yield of Kohdasht wheat cultivar, a factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design layout with three replications in the cropping years of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were implemented in an experimental farm in the suburbs of Rostam Abad, Rudbar, Guilan, Iran. The experimental factors included the methods of raised bed and flat planting and nitrogen fertilizer at four levels of zero, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1. Measured plant traits and other indices included plant height, 1000 grain weight, fruiting efficiency, radiation efficiency, grain protein content,  biological yield, grain yield, soil bulk density, soil porosity and energy balance.
Research findings
Results showed that in the treatment of 225 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen in the method of raised bed and flat planting, the highest plant height (66.3 cm), grain yield (4908 kg.ha-1), 1000 grain weight (40 g), grain protein content (11%), fruiting efficiency (88 grain.g spike-1DW), radiation use efficiency (2.05 g.MJ-1) and biological yield (11349 kg.ha-1) were obtained. Raised bed planting methods increased the soil bulk density (1. 16 g.cm-3) and decreased soil porosity. The results showed that in terms of the total energy consumption for wheat production, the lowest and highest amounts were related to raised bed and flat methods, respectively (11681.1 and 13606.8 MJ.ha-1). The highest amount of energy consumed in the flat method was allocated to nitrogen fertilizer (51%) and fuel (19%), respectively.
Conclusion
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application through the faster canopy closure and sooner maximum leaf area index caused an increase in the number of grain.spike-1, 1000 grain weight and the absorption of radiation, which ultimately increased the efficiency of radiation, biomass and grain yield. Due to the minimization of the traffic of machines on the soil by reducing the soil preparation operations, the tillage system of the raised bed planting method led to a decrease in the hours and energy required for the work of the machines per hectare compared to the flat planting method. Also, raised bed planting system along with nitrogen fertilizer increased the soil bulk density and decrease the porosity. According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the method of raised bed planting along with the consumption of 225 kg of nitrogen fertilizer.ha-1 is due to having favorable weather conditions in terms of grain yield and other studied traits for the production of Kohdasht wheat cultivar in the region, the subject of study seems to be more suitable.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Acreche, M.M., Briceno-Felix, G., Martin Sanchez, J.A. and Slafer, G.A. 2008. Physiological bases of genetic gains in Mediterranean bread wheat yield in Spain. European Journal of Agronomy, 28, pp. 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.07.001.   
Ali, M., Ali, L., Waqar, M. Q. and Ali, M. A. 2012. Bed planting: A new crop establishment method for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in cotton-wheat cropping system of southern Punjab. International Journal of Agriculture and Applied Science, 4(1), pp. 8-14.
Asadi, S., Aynehband, A. and Rahnama Ghahfarokhi, A. 2013. Wheat yield response to the competition stress and different levels of nitrogen. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(2), pp. 365-376. [In Persian]. http://doi.org/10.22067/GSC.V11I2.26152.
Bakker, D.M., Hanilton, G.J., Joulbrooke, D.J. and Spamn, C. 2005. The effect of raised beds on soil structure, water lodging, and productivity on duplex soils in western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 43, pp. 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR03118.
Bannayan Aval, M., Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf, K., Yaghoubi, F., Rashidi, Z. and Valaie, N. 2020. Effect of tillage systems and residue management on soil water conservation, yield and yield components of wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 18(1), pp. 71-83. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v18i1.78442.
Bozorgi Hossein Abad, A., Mondani, F., Saeedi, M., Heidari, H. and Bagheri, A. 2017. Study of radiation absorption and use efficiency of wheat cultivars (Triticuma estivum L.) under nitrogen fertilizer effect. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 11(37), pp. 202-216. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20085958.1398.11.37.19.1.
Fahong, W., Xuqin, W. and Sayre, K. 2004. Comparison of conventional, flood irrigated, flat planting with furrow irrigated, raised bed planting for winter wheat in China. Field Crops Research, 87, pp. 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.09.003.
FAO. 2020. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=IRN.
Ferrante, A., Savin, R. and Slafer, G.A. 2015 . Relationship between fruiting efficiency and grain weight in durum wheat. Field Crops Research, 177, pp. 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.03.009.
Guo, S., Jiang, R., Qu, H., Wang, Y., Misselbrook, T., Gunina, A. and Kuzyakov Y. 2019. Fate and transport of urea-N in a rain-fed ridge-furrow crop system with plastic mulch. Soil Tillage Research, 186, pp. 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.10.022.
Hatfield, J.L., and Prueger, J.H. 2004. Nitrogen over-use, under-use, and efficiency. Proceedings of the 4th international Crop Science Congress, Sep. 26- Oct. 1, Brisbane, Australia.
Heidarpour N., Ghasemi Mobtaker, H. and Toushih, V. 2016. Effects of different tillage methods on dryland wheat yield and soil physical properties in wheat – fallow rotation in Kurdistan. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 5(4), pp. 61-77. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23221267.1394.5.4.4.1.
Hosseinpour, T., Rahmati1, M., Ahmadi, A. and Doolatshah, J. 2018. Effects of different nitrogen application rates and supplemental irrigation on agronomic characteristics and grain yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under rainfed conditions. Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal, 7(1), pp. 15-31. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22092/IDAJ.2018.116230.187.
Iran Agricultural Statistics. 2020. Iran Agricultural Statistics. Vol. 1. Crop Products. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. Tehran. Iran. [In Persian].
Joudi, M., Shiri, M. and Kamrani, M. 2016. Fruiting efficiency in Iranian wheat cultivars: Genetic changes over time and associations with agronomic traits. Journal of Agronomy, 15(1), pp. 19-25. https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2016.19.25.
Kazemi, H., Alizadeh, P. and Nehbandani, A. 2016. Assessing energy flow in rainfed and irrigated wheat fields of Shahrekourd township under two tillage systems. Journal of Agroecology, 8(2), pp. 281-295. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v8i2.48219.
Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A. and Wani, P.A. 2007. Role of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in
sustainable agriculture-a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 27, pp. 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2006011.
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Azimzadeh, S.J., 2020. Effect of different tillage systems on wheat yield and some soil physical characteristics in a fallow-wheat rotation under rainfed condition. Journal of Agroecology, 12(2), pp. 299-317. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v12i2.52175.
Kopittke, P.M., Menzies, N.W., Wang, P., McKenna, B.A. and Lombi, E. 2019. Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security. Environment International, 132, 105078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105078.
Lesk, C., Rowhani, P. and Ramankutty, N. 2019. Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature, 529, pp. 84-87. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16467.
Moinoddini, S.S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Borzouei, A. 2022. The effects of Ttillage and N application rate on soil quality in corn-canola-corn rotation. Journal of Agroecology, 13(4), pp. 619-630. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v1i1.45219.
Moradi Telavat, M.R., Siadat, A. 2013. Growth and nitrogen use efficienc response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensi L.) to increased nitrogen levels. Journal of Crops Improvement, 13(2), pp. 111-124. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2013.36103.
Mousavi Boogar, A.A., Jahansouz, M., Mehrvar, M., Hossinpur, R. and Madadi, R. 2012. Study the soil physical properties and some wheat cultivars grain yield under different tillage systems. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 8 (2), 11-20.
Rajabi, M.H., Zeinali, A. and Soltani, E. 2012. Evaluation of energy use in wheat production in Gorgan. Journal of Plant Production, 19(3), pp. 143-171. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23222050.1391.19.3.9.9.
Rossi, A.R., Ungaro, A., De Innocentiis, S., Crosetti, D. and Sola, L., 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of Mediterranean Mugilids by allozymes and 16S rRNA genes investigation: Are the Mediterranean species of Liza monophyletic? Biochemical Genetics, 42, pp. 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:bigi.0000039806.12756.81.
Roustai, M., Hossaini, K., Hossainpour, T., Katata, M., Hassanpour-Hossni, M., Amiri, A., Khalilzadeh, Gh., Mohammadi, M., Naraki, F., Mahfoosi, B., Torabi, M., Banisadr, N.,  Mokhtarpour, H. and Vahabzadeh, M. 2001. Introduction of a new bread wheat cultivar, Kohdasht. Seed and Plant Journal,  17(2), pp. 230-233. [In Persian].
Sadeghi, H. and Kazemeini, A.R. 2011. Effect of crop residue management and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and yield components of two barley cultivars under dry land conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 13(3), pp. 436-451. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.15625540.1390.13.3.1.9.
Sanchez, V., Serrano A., Suarez M., Hernanz J.L. and Navarrete L. 2007. Economics of reduced tillage for cereal and legume production on rainfed farm enterprises of different sizes in semiarid conditions. Soil and Tillage Research, 78, pp. 120-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.12.007.
Sayre, K.D. 1998. Ensuring the Use of Sustainable Crop Management Strategies by Small Wheat Farmers in the 21st Century. Wheat Special Report, No. 48. Mexico.
Sepidedam, S., Ramroudi, M. 2016. Effects of tillage systems and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and seed protein of wheat. Journal of  Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology, 2(2), pp. 33-46. [In Persian]. URL: http://arpe.gonbad.ac.ir/article-1-162-fa.html.
Shekoofa, A., and Emam, Y. 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Shiraz. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10, pp. 101-108. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807073.2008.10.2.6.0.
Sharefee, Z., Eslami, S.V., Jami AL-Ahmadi, M. and Mahmoodi, S. 2018. Effect of different tillage methods and cover crop types on yield and yield components of wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 16(1), pp. 217-228. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v16i1.62248.
Slafer, G.A., Elia, M., Savin, R., Garcia, A. and Terrile, I. ‌2015. Fruiting efficiency: An alternative trait to further rise whea yield. Food and Energy Security, 4, pp. 92-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.59.
Sun, Y., Mi, W., Su, L., Shan, Y. and Wu, L. 2019. Controlled-release fertilizer enhances rice grain yield and N recovery efficiency in continuous non- flooding plastic film mulching cultivation system. Field Crops Research, 231, pp. 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.11.013.
Terrile, I.I., Miralles, J.D. and Gonzalez, F.G. 2017. Fruiting efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Trait response to different growing conditions and its relation to spike dry weight atanthesis and grain weight at harvest. Field Crops Research, 200, pp. 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.09.026.
Tsubo, M., Walker, S. and Ogindo, H.O. 2005. A simulation model of cereal–legume intercropping systems for semi-arid regions. II. Model application. Field Crops Research, 93, pp. 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.09.002.
Villamil, M.B., Little, J. and Nafziger, D.E. 2015. Corn residue, tillage, and nitrogen rate effects on soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 151, pp. 61-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2015.03.005.
Wang, F., He, Z., Sayre, K., Li, S., Si, J., Feng, B., & Kong, L. A. 2009. Wheat cropping systems and technologies in China. Field Crops Research, 111, 181-188.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.12.004.
Yadi, E., Barari Tari, D. and Mahmoudi, M. 2021. Investigating the amount of energy consumption and the relationship between input and output energy in wheat production. Journal of Plant Production Science, 11(2), pp. 59-74. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.2./jpps.2022.691243.
Cereal Research
Volume 12, Issue 4
March 2023
Pages 367-382

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics