Comparison of the effect of water deficit and salt stresses on the growth, sodium and potassium content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

To study the effect of water deficit and salinity stresses on morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat seedling cv. Flat, a pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Yasouj, Iran, in 2015. The studied treatments were seven treatments including three levels of each water deficit and salinity stresses with similar osmotic potential (-2.47, -4.94 and -7.42 bar) together with a control treatment (Hoagland solution). Salinity and drought stresses were applied using sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol 6000, respectively. The results showed that shoot dry weight significantly decreased under the effect of salinity and drought stresses compared to control treatment. Drought stress increased root dry weight of wheat, so that the highest root dry weight was observed in polyethylene glycol of -7.42 bar. The maximum and minimum sodium content of shoot and root obtained from -7.42 bar salinity and control, respectively which have not significant differences with drought stress levels. The salinity of -7.42 bar significantly reduced shoot and root potassium content. The highest shoot to root potassium ratio obtained form control and the lowest from -7.42 bar salinity stress. Protein content and catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity significantly increased by increasing the salinity and drought levels. In general, the results of this study showed that salinity compared to water stress have higher negative influence on wheat which reduces shoot and root dry weight.

Keywords


Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology 105: 121-126.##Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M. R. 2007. Improving plant abiotic-stress resistance by exogenous application of osmoprotectants glycine betaine and proline. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 206-216.##Ashraf, M. and Harris, P. J. C. 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science 166 (1): 3-16.##Bogdan, J. and Zagdanska, B. 2006. Changes in the pool of soluble sugars induced by dehydration at the heterotrophic phase of growth of wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 44: 787-794.##Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254.##Cairns, J. E., Sonder, K., Zaidi, V. N., Mahuku, G., Babu, R., Nair, S. K., Das, B., Govaerts, B., Vinayan, M. T., Rashid, Z., Noor, J. J., Devi, P., San Vicente, F. and Prasanna, B. M. 2012. Maize production in a changing climate: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. Advances in Agronomy 114: 1-58.##Dadkhah, A. 2010. Salinity effect on germination and seedling growth of four medicinal plants. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 26: 358-369. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Darvishi, B., Poustini, K. and Tavakol Afshari, R. 2009. Ion distribution pattern in various alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) organs respect to phytomass under saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 40: 31-43. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Deinlein, U., Stephan, A. B., Horie, T., Luo, W., Xu, G. and Schroeder, J. I. 2014. Plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. Trends in Plant Science 19: 371-379.##Demiral, T. and Turkan, I. 2005. Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems and proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53 (3): 247-257.##Ferreira-Silva, S. L., Silveira, J., Voigt, E., Soares, L. and Viegas, R. 2008. Changes in physiological indicators associated with salt tolerance in two contrasting cashew rootstocks. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20: 51-59.##Hadi, M. R., Khoush Kholgh, S., Khavarinezhad, N. A., Khayam, R. A. and Nekouei, S. M. 2008. The effect of elements accumulation on salinity tolerance in seven genotype durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) collected from the of middle east. Iranian Journal of Biology 21: 326-340. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Hajlaoui, H., El Ayeb, N., Garrec, J. P. and Denden, M. 2010. Differential effects of salt stress on osmotic adjustment and solutes allocation on the basis of root and leaf tissue senescence of two silage maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. Industrial Crops and Products 31: 122-130.##Hasegawa, P. M., Bressan, R. A., Zhu, J. M. and Bohnert, H. J. 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 51: 463-499.##Hoagland, D. R. and Arnon, D. S. 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station Extension 347: 1-32.##Hosseini, H. and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2006. Effect of water and salinity stress in seed germination on Isabgol (Plantago ovata). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 4: 15-22. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Houshmand, S., Arzani, A., Maibody, S. A., and Feizi, M. 2005. Evaluation of salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat derived from in vitro and field experiments. Field Crop Research 91: 345-354.##Kesahvarznia, R., Shahbazi, M., Mohammadi, V., Hosseini Salekdeh, G. and Ahmadi, A. 2015. The impact of barley root structure and physiological traits on drought response. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 45: 553-563. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Khan, M. H. and Panda, S.K. 2008. Alterations in root lipid peroxidation and antioxidative responses in two rice cultivars under NaCl- salinity stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 30: 81-91.##Kosara, F., Akrama, N. A. and Ashraf, M. 2015. Exogenously-applied 5-aminolevulinic acid modulates some key physiological characteristics and antioxidative defense system in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under water stress. South African Journal of Botany 96: 71-77.##Kronzucker, H. J. and Britto, D. T. 2011. Sodium transport in plants: A critical review. New Phytologist Journal 189: 54-81.##Mac-Adam, J. W., Nelson, C. J.  and Sharp R. E. 1992. Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue I. spatial distribution of ionically bound peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. Plant Physiology 99: 872-878.##Mu, C., Zhang, S., Yu, G., Chen, N., Li, X. anf Liu, H. 2013. Overexpression of small heat shock protein LimHSP16.45 in Arabidopsis enhances tolerance to abiotic stresses. Plos One Journal 8: e82264.##Nedjimi, B. and Daoud, Y. 2009. Ameliorative effect of CaCl2 on growth, membrane permeability and nutrient uptake in Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii grown at high (NaCl) salinity. Desalination 249 (1): 163-166.##Okcu, G., Kaya, M. D. and Atak, M. 2005. Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum Sativum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 29: 237-242.##Patterson, B., Macrae, E. and Ferguson, I. 1984. Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in plant extracts using titanium (IV). Analytical Biochemistry 139 (2): 487-492.##Pyngrope, S., Bhoomika, K. and Dubey, R. S. 2012. Oxidative stress, protein carbonylation, proteolysis and antioxidative defense system as a model for depicting water deficit tolerance in Indica rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 69: 149-165.##Reynolds, M. P., Mujeeb-kazi, A. and Sawkins, M. 2005. Prospects for utilizing plant- adaptive mechanisms to improve wheat and other crops in drought and salinity prone environments. Annals of Applied Biology 146: 239-259.##Hosseini Salekdeh, G., Reynolds, M., Bennett, J. and Boyer, J. 2009. Conceptual framework for drought phenotyping during molecular breeding. Trends in Plant Science 14: 488-496.##Sanjari Pireivatlou, A., Dehdar Masjedlou, B. and Aliyev, R. T. 2010. Evaluation of yield potential and stress adaptive trait in wheat genotypes under post anthesis drought stress conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5: 2829-2836.##Sariam, R. K., Rao, K. V. and Srivastava, G. C. 2002. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science 163: 1037-1046.##Tuberosa, R. 2011. Phenotyping for drought tolerance of cropin the genomics era: Key concepts, issues and approaches. Frontiers in PhysiologyJournal3: 1-26.##Tuna, A. L., Kaya, C., Ashraf, M., Altunlu, H., Yokas, L. and Yagmur, E. 2007. The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 173-178.##Yazici, I., Turkan, F., Sekmen, A. H. and Demiral, T. 2007. Salinity tolerance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is achieved by enhanced antioxidative system, lower level of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61: 49-57.##Zhang, Y., Lin, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S. J. and Du, S. 2005. Effects of nitrogen levels and nitrate/ammonium ratio on oxalate concentration of different forms in edible parts of spinach )Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition 28: 2011-2025.##Zheng, Y., Aijun, J., Tangyuan, N., Xud, J., Zengjia, L. and Gaoming, J. 2008. Potassium nitrate application alleviates sodium chloride stress in winter wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology 165: 1455-1465.