The effect of Mycorrhizae symbiosis, soil and foliar spray of Flomix on grain yield and some qualitative characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) in weeds competition

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

2 M. Sc., Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

To study the interaction between mycorrhizae symbiosis, soil and foliar spary of Flomix on  yield and yield components of corn (Zea may L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agriculture Research Staion of Shahrood University of Technology in 2014. The treatments included mycorrhizae symbiosis at two levels (non-application and application of mycorrhizae), foliar spray at three levels (non-application, once sprayed and twice sprayed) and soil spray at three levels (non-application, once soil application and twice soil application). The results showed that interaction between mycorrhizae symbiosis, foliar spray of Flomix indicate a significant effect on root colonization and grain P and increased this traits. Also root colonization and grain yield was affected by interaction between mycorrhizae symbiosis and soil spray of Flomix. Mean comparisons showed that Mycorrhizae application+ twice foliar spray of Flomix respectively increased root colonization and grain P from 37.22 percent and 1.83 ppm in non-application of mycorrhizae + non-spray of Flomix to 67.22 percent and 5.06 ppm. Also Mycorrhizae application + twice foliar spray of Flomix increased grain yield from 1144 Kg/ha in non-application of mycorrhizae + non-spray of Flomix to 2155 Kg/ha.

Keywords


Abedi baba Arabi, S., Movahedi Dehnavi, M., Yadavi, A. and Adhami, A. 2011. Effect of Zinc and Potassium foliar spray on physiological traits and yield of Safflower in drought stress. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4: 75-95. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ahmadi, A., Rashed Mohasel, M. A., Baghestani, M., and Rostami, M. 2002. Study the effect of critical period of weed competition on yield, yield components and morphologic characteristics of bean (Derakhshan cultivar). Irainian Journal of Field Crop Research 3: 171-182. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ali, S., Vazan, S., Mosavi Nia, H., Golzardi, F. and Charband, B. 2013. Efffect of During periods of interference and weeds on yield and yield components of corn as a second crop after Canola in Moghan. Journal of Weed Ecology 2: 23-32. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ansari Joini, M., Chai chi, M. R. and Ehtedhami, M. R. 2012. Study the effect of drought stress and phosphorus fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics between  two variety of grain Sorghum (Kimia and Sepideh). Irainian Journal of Field Crop Research 43: 421-435. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Araus J. L., Slafer, A. G., Royo, C. and Serret, M. D. 2008. Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in cereals. Critical Rewiews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 27: 377-412.##Aref, F. 2008. Effect of Zinc and Boron elements on yield and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in grain of corn. Journal of Agriculture Science 5: 63-69. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Arnon, A. N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Journal of Agronomy 23:112-121.##Auge, R. M. 2001. Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhizae 11: 3-42.##Bago‚ B., Feffer, P. E. and Shachar-Hill, Y. 2000. Carbon metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant Physiology and Biotechnology 124: 949-957.##Beheshti, S. A. and Mousavi Sarvine, S. R. 2009. Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) Competition effects on grain and biomass yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Oench). Seed and Plant Production Journal 25 (2): 33-44. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Bengtsson H., Oborn I., Jonsson S., Nilsson I. and Andersson, A. 2003. Field balances of some mineral nutrients and trace elements in organic and conventional dairy farming: a case study at Ojebyn, Sweden. European Journal of Agronomy 20: 101-116.##Bosnic, A. C. and Swanton, C. J. 1997. Influence of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) time of Emergence and density on corn (Zea mays L.). Weed Technology 47: 551-556.##Burrows, V. S. and Olsen, P. J. 1995. Reaction of small grain to various densities of wild mustard and the results obtained after their removal with 2,4-D or by hand, I. Experiments with wheat. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science 35: 68-75.##Campos, H., Cooper, M., Habben, J. E., Edmeades, G. O. and Schussler, J. R. 2004. Improving drought tolerance in maize. Field Crops Research 90: 19-34.##Doberman, A. and Fairhurst, T. 2000. Rice nutrient disorders and nutrient management. International Rice Research Institute, Philipines. Newsletter No. 1271.##Fathi Amirkhiz, K., Amini Dehghi, M., Modares Sanavi, A. M. and Heshmati, S. 2011. Effect of soil and foliar spray of Fe on some biochemical characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under two moisture regimes. Irainian Journal of Field Crop Science 42 (3): 509-518. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ghoorchiani, M., Akbari, G. H. A., Alikhani, H. A., Dadi, A. and Zarei, M. 2010. Effect of  arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the Pseudomonas fluorescence bacterium On characteristics of the ear, chlorophyll content and yield of corn under water stress conditions. Water and Soil Science (Agiculture Science) 21 (1): 98-114. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Gupta, M. L., Prasad, A., Ram, M. and Kumar, S. 2002. Effect of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasiculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology 81: 77-79.##Hodge, A., Campbell, C. D. and Fitter, H. A.  2001. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413: 297-299.##Jones, J. R., Wolf, J. B. and Mills, H. A. 1991. Plant Analysis: A practical sampling, preparation, analysis and interpretation guide. Micro and Macro Publishing Inc, Athens, Georgia.##Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K. G. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in foeniculumvulgare mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with p-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology 93: 307-311.##Khaladbarin, B. and Eslamzadeh, T. 2000. Mineral nutrition organic plants. Shiraz University Publication pp: 496-902. (In Persian).##Kogbe, J. O. S. and Adediran, J. A. 2003. Influence of nitrogen, Phosphorus and application on the yield of maize in savanna zone of Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 2: 345-349.##Koochaki, A. and Sarmad Nia, G. H. 1999. Crop physiology. SSID Publication. 400 p. (In Persian).##Mahadi, M. A., Dadari, S. A., Mahmud, M., Babaji, B. A. and Mani, H. 2007. Effect of some rice based herbicides on yield and yield components of maize. Crop Protection 26:1601-1605.##Malakooti, M. J. 1996. Sustainable agriculture and increasing yield by optimizing fertilizer usage in Iran. Agriculture Education Publication, Ministry of Jahad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. 279 p. (In Persian).##Malakooti, M. J. and Tehrani, M. M. 1998. Effects of micronutriens on the yield and quality of agricultural products. Tarbiat Modarres University Publications. 300 p.  (In Persian).##Miller, M. H. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and the phosphorus nutrition of maize. A. Review of Guleph studies. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80: 47-52.##Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., Modarres Sanavi, A. M., Soroush Zade, A. and Jalali, M. 2004. Changes of proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll (SPAD) content and chlorophyll fluorescence in safflower varieties under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese. Desert (Biaban) 9: 93-110. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Panwar, J. D. S. 1993. Response of VAM and Azospirillum inoculation to water status and grain yield in wheat under water stress conditions. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 36: 41-43.##Patel, M. S., Sutar, D. M. and Kanizaria, M. V. 1993. Effect of foliar application of iron and sulfur in curing chlorosis in groundnut. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 41: 103-105.##Philips, J. M. and Hayman, D. S. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of British Mycological Society 55: 158-161.##Rahimi, A. and Aghaalikhani, M. 2011. Studying the effect of plant density and Amaranthus emergence on light use efficiency, leaf area index distribution and extinction coefficient and dry matter in maize canopy. Iranian Journal of Weeds Science 6: 65-77. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Read, D. J. and Perez-Moreno, J. 2003. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems a journey towards relevance? New Polymeric Materials 157: 475-492.##Ritchie, S. W. and Nguyen, H. T. 1990. Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science 30: 105-111.##Sangakkara,V. R. and Stamp, P. 2006. Influence of different weed categories on growth and yields of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in a minor (dry) season of the humid. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 113: 81-85.##Seligman, N. G. 1993. Nitrogen redistribution in crop plant: Regulation and sigificiance. Journal of Agronomy 312: 758-764.##Shafagh, J., Salmasi, S. Z., Javanshir, A., Moghaddam, M. and Dabbagh Mohammadinasab, A. 2009. Influence of nitrogen and weed interference on grain yield, yield components and leaf chlorophyll value of soybean. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 1: 1-23. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Sheligl, H. Q. 1986. Die verwertung orgngischer souren durch chlorella lincht. International Journal of Plant Biology 47-51.##Singh, D. P. and Riwari, R. S. 1996. Effect of micronutrients on yield and quality of onion. Plant Growth Regulation 39: 137-141.##Smart, J. 1994. The groundnut crop: A scientific basis for improvement. Chapman and Hall. London, UK.##Smith S. E. Smith, F. A. and Jacobsen, I. 2003. Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plant irrespective of growth responses. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 133: 16-20.##Subramanian, K. S. and Charest, C. 1997. Nutritional, growth and reproductive responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to arbascular mycorrhizal inoculation during and after drought stress tasselling. Mycorrhiza 7: 25-32.##Tajbakhsh, M. 1996. Corn: Agronomy, breeding, pests and diseases. Ahrar Publication, Tabriz, Iran. 133 p. (In Persian).##Tang, M., Chen, H., Huang, J. C. and Tian, Z. Q. 2009. AM fungi effects on the growth and physiology of Zea mays L. seedlings under diesel stress. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Journal 41: 936-940.##Waling, I., Vark, W. V., Houba, V. J. G. and Van der Lee, J. J. 1989. Soil and plant and analysis, a series of syllabi. Plant7. Plant Analysis Procedures, Wageningen Agriculture University, The Netherland.##Wu, S. C., Cao, Z. H., Li, Z. G., Cheung, K. C. and Wong, M. H. 2004. Effect of biofertilizer containing N fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth. Geoderma 125: 155-166.##Yadavi, A. R., Zand, A., Ghalavand, A. and Agha-Alikhani, M. 2007. Effects of plant density and plant arrangementon yield and yield components of corn in competition with red root pigweed. Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi 75: 33-42. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Zand, B., and Laali Nia, A. 2010. Cereals crop. Payam-e-Noor Publication. 276 p. (In Persian).##Zarghani, H., Nezami, A., Khajeh Hosseini, M. and Izadi Darbandi, A. 2012. Effect of weeds control on yield and yield components on sesame. Irainian Journal of Field Crop Research 10: 690-698. (In Persian with English Abstract).