Identification of virulence/avirulence spectrum of Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei, the causal agent of barley powdery mildew in different regions of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Research Associate Professor, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran

2 Research Assistant Professor, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

3 Research Assistant Professor, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran

4 Research Instructor, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran

5 Research Assistant Professor, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ardabil, Iran

6 Research Assistant Professor, Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Dezful, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Powdery mildew of barley is one of the most important diseases of barley worldwide that occur also in most of the barley cultivation areas in Iran. The use of resistant cultivar is known as the most effective, the most economic and the most environmentally safe method of disease control. Due to the high level of genetic diversity, the fungal pathogen have a big capacity for producing new physiological races and breaking down of effective sources of resistance. This study was carried out to determine the virulence/avirulence spectrum of the pathogen in major powdery mildew conductive regions, to monitor their annual changes in recent years and to evaluate the resistance of some Iranian commercial cultivars irrigated barley to powdery mildew.
Materials and methods
 Trap nurseries consisting 77 lines and cultivars including 19 Pallas near-isogenic lines, a supplementary set including 34 cultivars carrying known or unknown resistance gene (s) along with 24 Iranian commercial barley cultivars were planted under natural disease development conditions at six powdery mildew hot spot locations in Mashhad, Gorgan, Ghaemshahr, Pars Abad (Moghan), Dezful and Zarghan during three consecutive cropping seasons (2016-2019). Evaluation of the reaction of studied barley cultivars and lines to powdery mildew was performed in 00-99 scroing scale based on the double digit system at the flowering stage. The virulence/avirulence spectrum of the pathogen in different regions was determined by considering the infection types 1-4 as incompatibile reaction (resistance) or avirulence and the infection types 5-9 as compatibile reaction (susceptibility) or virulence.
Research findings
The results of this study showed that there is a significant variation in the virulence spectrum of the pathogen in different locations of Iran, occurrence of changes in their virulence/avirulence spectrum, and appearing new virulence factores for some plants carrying resistance genes. Based on the results, Mlk and Mlk(1) resistance genes were ineffective in all locations during all three years, and Mlh, Mla22 and Mla23 resistance genes were also ineffective in all three years at least in two locations. The results also showed that the mlo resistance gene was effective in all locations, and Mla3, Mla6, Mla9, Mla13, Ml(Ru3), Mla12 and Mla14  genes were effective at least in three locations during all three years. Based on the results, new virulence factors for MlLa, Mlg and MlCP genes appeared in some regions. Evaluation of the supplementary set in different regions of Iran showed that all cultivars/lines carrying one of the alleles of the mlo resistance gene including Viskosa, Wren, Alexis, Brenda and Chalice were effective in all locations/years. Also, the majority of commercial cultivars showed a range of reaction from moderately resistant to susceptible in different locations.
Conclusion
Based on the high level of variation in the virulence spectrum of the pathogen in different locations and appearing new virulence factores for some effective resistance genes, as well as the susceptible or semi-susceptible reaction of most commercial cultivars, continuous research to monitor the virulence spectrum of the pathogen population and identify new genetic sources of disease resistance is necessary. Also, genetic resources with the effective resistance genes including Mla3, Mla6, Mla9, Mla13, Ml(Ru3), Mla12 and Mla14 can be used as resistant parents to develop new resistant cultivars in breeding programs.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Aghnoum, R., Dehghan, M. A., Ebrahimnejad, Sh., & Mehrabi, R. (2021). Identification of the virulence factors of Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei, the causal agent of barley powdery mildew in northeast and northern region of Iran. Cereal Research, 10(4), 339-349. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22124/CR.2021.18839.1648.##Aghnoum, R., Yassaie, M., Dalvand, M., & Tabatabaei Fard, N. (2019). Virulence analysis and effectiveness of new sources of resistance to barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in Southwestern regions of Iran. Crop Breeding Journal, 9(2), 23-31. doi. 10.22092/CBJ.2020.342392.1053.##Ames, N., Dreiseitl, A., Steffenson, B. J., & Muehlbauer, G. J. (2015). Mining wild barley for powdery mildew resistance. Plant Pathology, 64(6), 1396-1406. doi: 10.1111/ppa.12384.##Behdad, E. (2006). Phytopathology and Important Plant Disease. Atre Etrat Publication. 785 p. [In Persian].##Bihamta, M. R., Khalili Azar, R., Patpour, M., & Shahve, Sh. (2012). Study on pathogenicity factors of barley powdery mildew in some regions of Iran. Tehran, Iran. Proceedings of the 12 th Iranian Genetics Congress. May 21-23, 2012, Shahid Beheshti University International Congress Center, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian].##Brent, K. J., & Hollomon, D. W. (2007). Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: How can it be managed? FRAC Monograph No. 1. 2nd Edition. CropLife International, Brussels. 55 p.##Czembor, J. H. (2000). Resistance to powdery mildew in barley landraces from Morocco. Journal of Plant Pathology, 82(3), 187-200.##Czembor, J. H. (2001). Resistance to powdery mildew in selections from barley landraces collected in Greece. Agricultural & Food Science, 10(2), 133-142. doi: 10.23986/afsci.5681.##Czembor, J. H., & Czembor H. J. (2000). Powdery mildew resistance in selections from Moroccan barley landraces. Phytoparasitica, 28, 65-78. doi: 10.1007/bf02994024.##Czembor J. H., & Czembor, E. (2021). Sources of resistance to powdery mildew in barley landraces from Turkey. Agriculture, 11(10), 1017. doi: 10.3390/ agriculture11101017.##Dreiseitl, A. (2003). Adaptation of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei to barley resistance genes in the Czech Republic in 1971-2000. Plant, Soil & Environment, 49(6), 241-248. doi: 10.17221/4120-pse.##Dreiseitl, A. (2004). Virulence frequencies to powdery mildew resistance genes of winter barley cultivars. Plant Protection Science, 40(4), 135-140. doi: 10.17221/466-pps.##Dreiseitl, A., & Wang, J. (2007). Virulence and diversity of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in East China. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 117, 357-368. doi: 10.1007/s10658-007-9104-1.##Hovmøller, M. S., Caffier, V., Jalli, M., Andersen, O., Besenhofer, G., Czembor, J. H., Dreiseitl, A., Felsenstein, F., Fleck, A., Heinrics, F., Jonsson, R., Limpert, E., Mercer, P., Plesnik, S., Rashal, I., Skinnes, H., Slater, S., & Vronska, O. (2000). The European barley powdery mildew virulence survey and disease nursery 1993-1999. Agronomie, 20(7), 729-743. doi: 10.1051/agro:2000172.##Ershad, J. (2009). Fungi of Iran. 3rd Edition. Publication of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. 531 p. [In Persian].##Eyal, Z., Scharen, A. L., Prescott, J. M., & van Ginkel, M. (1987). The septoria diseases of wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management. Mexico, D.F. CIMMYT. 24 p.##Jørgensen, J. H. (1992). Discovery, characterization and exploitation of Mlo powdery mildew resistance in barley. Euphytica, 63, 141-152. doi: 10.1007/bf00023919.##Jørgensen, H., & Wolfe, P. M. (1994). Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in barley. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 13(1), 97-119 doi: 10.1080/07352689409701910.##Kokina, I., & Rashal, I. (2006). Monitoring the population of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in the South-Eastern part of Latvia. Agronomy Research, 4, 231-236.##Kølster, P., Munk, L., Stolen, O., & Lohde, J. (1986). Near-isogenic barley lines with genes for resistance to powdery mildew. Crop Science, 26(5), 903-907. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600050014x.##Maramat, M. J., Moosavi, M. R, Keshavarzi, M., & Taeb, M. (2013). Investigation on barely powdery mildew virulence factors in Fars province, Iran. Journal of Research in Plant Pathology, 1(3), 17-25. [In Persian].##McDonald, B. A., & Linde, C. (2002). The population genetics of plant pathogens and breeding strategies for durable resistance. Euphytica, 124, 163-180. doi: 10.1023/A:1015678432355.##Opalski, K. S., Tresch, S., Kogel, K. H., Grossmann, K., Kohle, H., & Huckelhoven, R. (2006). Metrafenone: Studies on the mode of action of a novel cereal powdery mildew fungicide. Pest Management Science, 62(5), 393-401. doi: 10.1002/ps.1176.##Patpour, M., Aghnoum, R., Dad-Rezaei, S. T., Houshyar, R., Dehghan, M. A., & Ahmadian Moghadam, M. S. (2003). Study on virulence of barley powdery mildew by trap nursery in different regions of Iran. Final report of research project. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. 14 p. [In Persian].##Patpour, M., Torabi, M., Afshari, F., Aghnoum, R., Dehghan, M. A., Dad-Rezaei S. T., & Ahmadian Moghadam, M. S. (2005). Virulence factores of barley powdery mildew pathogen and their variation in some parts of Iran during 2000-2002. Seed & Plant Journal, 21(2), 303-313. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22092/SPIJ.2017.110652.##Radchеnko, E. E., Abdullaev, R. A., & Anisimova, I. N. (2020).Genetic diversity of cereal crops for powdery mildew resistance. Ecological Genetics, 18(1), 59-78. doi: 10.17816/ecogen14530.##Rsaliyev, A., Pahratdinova, Z., & Rsaliyev S. (2017). Characterizing the pathotype structure of barley powdery mildew and effectiveness of resistance genes to this pathogen in Kazakhstan.  BMC Plant Biology, 17(Suppl. 1), 178. doi: 10.1186/s12870-017-1130-3.##Saari, E. E., & Prescott, J. M. (1975). A scale for appraising the foliar intensity of wheat disease. Plant Disease Reporter, 59(5), 377-380.##Tucker, M. A., Jayasena, K., Ellwood, S. R., & Oliver, R. P. (2013). Pathotype variation of barley powdery mildew in Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 42(5), 617-623. doi: 10.1007/s13313-013-0226-y.##Wyand, R. A., & Brown, J. K. M. (2003). Genetic and forma specialis diversity in Blumeria graminis of cereals and its implications for host-pathogen co-evolution. Molecular Plant Pathology, 4(3), 187-198. doi: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00167.x.##Yahyaoui, A. H., Reinhold, M., & Scharen, A. L. (1997). Virulence spectrum in populations of the barley powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in Tunisia and Morocco in 1992. Plant Pathology, 46(1), 139-146. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-11.x.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics