مدیریت مراحل نموی شش رقم گندم با تغییر تاریخ کاشت و سطوح کود نیتروژن در منطقه سردسیر جلگه رخ خراسان رضوی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 استاد، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

به­منظور مطالعه اثر تاریخ کاشت و کود نیتروژن بر مراحل مختلف نموی گندم، آزمایشی به­صورت کرت­های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1393-1392 در مرکز تحقیقات خراسان رضوی اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل تاریخ کاشت در سه سطح (10 مهر، 5 آبان و 30 آبان) در کرت­های اصلی، کود نیتروژن در سه سطح (صفر، 150 و 300 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار) در کرت­های فرعی و شش رقم گندم (زرین، گاسکوژن، سایونز، پیشگام، الوند و میهن) در کرت­های فرعی فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که رقم پیشگام و میهن با 77/2516 و 17/2422 به­ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین نیاز حرارتی برای طی کردن مرحله نمو را به خود اختصاص دادند و تأخیر در کاشت سبب کاهش طول مراحل نموی و کاهش درجه - روز لازم برای اتمام مراحل نموی شد. کاربرد بیشتر نیتروژن، طول مراحل نموی گندم به­ویژه مرحله برجستگی دوگانه تا سنبلچه انتهایی و سنبلچه انتهایی تا گرده­افشانی را به­ترتیب 12/11 و 35/11 درصد افزایش داد. از بین مراحل نموی نیز مراحل ابتدایی که تعیین کننده تعداد دانه هستند، بیشترین همبستگی را با عملکرد دانه داشتند. بنابراین، در صورت تأخیر در کاشت می­توان با مصرف بیشتر کود نیتروژن مراحل نموی گندم را به تأخیر انداخت. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، رقم پیشگام در تاریخ کاشت مناسب (10 مهر) و رقم الوند در تاریخ­های کاشت دیر (5 و 30 آبان) در بیشتر مراحل رشد نسبت به سایر ارقام برتری داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Management of developmental stages of six wheat varieties by changing planting dates and nitrogen fertilizer levels in the Rokh cold plain of Khorasan Razavi

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Bijandi 1
  • Mohammad Kafi 2
  • Hamid Reza Sharifi 3
چکیده [English]

To evaluate the effect of planting date and nitrogen fertilizer on various developmental stages of six wheat cultivars, this experiment was conducted using split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Rokh plain of Khorasan Razavi, Iran, in 2013-2014. The experimental factors were including planting date in three levels (October 10, November 5 and November 30) as main plots, nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (No fertilizer, 150 and 300 kg.ha-1) as sub plots and six wheat varieties (Zarin, Gascogne, Sayunz, Pishgam, Alvand and Mihan) as sub-sub plots. The results showed that varieties were significantly different at various developmental stages, so that Pishgam showed the highest and Mihan showed the lowest thermal needs from planting to rippening. A delay in planting reduced duration of developmental stages and consequiently reduced growth degree days (GDD), so that planting date from October 10 to November 30 caused a reduction of 656.7 GDD. Application of more nitrogen fertilizer increased duration of double ridges to end spikelet initiation (11.12%) and spikelet initiation to pollination stages (11.35%). The early developmental stages that determines the number of grains per spike as one of the main yield components, had the highest correlation coefficient with grain yield. Therefore, in case of delayed planting date of wheat, it would be possible to postpone wheat developmental stages by applying more nitrogen fertilizer. The results also indicated that in optimum planting date (October 10), Pishgam and in the late planting date (November 5 and 30), Alvand showed better performance than the other varieties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Double ridges
  • Grain filling
  • Grain maturity
  • Grain number
  • Pollination
Acevedo, E., Silva, P. and Silva, H. 2002. Wheat growth and physiology. In: Curtis, B. C., Rajaram, S. and Gomez Macpherson, H. (Eds.). Bread wheat: Improvement and production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Rome, Italy. pp: 39-70.##Ahmad, M., Ahmad, A. S., Burhan, H. and Ahmed, F. 2003. Effect of sowing date on growth and yield of wheat at different elevations in Jebelmarra high land under rainfed conditions. Agricultural Reserch 50-62.##Ahmadi, M., Kamkar, B., Soltani, A., Zeynali, E. and Arabameri. 2010. The effect of planting date on duration of phenologyical phases in wheat cultivars and its relation with grain yield. Journal of Plant Production. 17 (2): 109-122. (In Persion with English Abstract).##Alcoz, M. M., Hons, F. M. and Haby, V. A. 1993. Nitrogen fertilization timing effect on wheat production, nitrogen uptake efficiency and residual soil nitrogen. Agronomy Journal 85:
1198-1203.##Banziger, M., Eil, B. and Stemp, P. 1994. Competition between nitrogen accumulation and grain growth for carbohydrates during grain filling of wheat. Crop Science 34: 440-446.##Bishnoi, P., Singh, S. and Niwas, R. 1995. Effect of temperature on phonological development of wheat crop in different row orientation. Indian. Journal of Agriculture Science 65: 211-214.##Camberato, J. J. and Bock, B. R. 2001. Spring wheat response to enhanced ammonium supply. Agronomy Journal 82: 467-473.##FAO. 2010. Food and Agriculture Organization. Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics. Rome, Italy. http// www.fao.org.##Faragi, A. 2010. Determination of phenological response of spring canola (Brssica napusa L.) genotypes to swing date, temperratureand photoperiod. Seed and Plant 26-2 (1): 25-41.
(In Persion with English Abstract).##Fathi, G., Siyadat, S. A., Rozbeh, N., Abdalli-Mashhadii A. R. and Ebrahimpour, F. 2002. Effect of plant density on seed yield of Dena wheat cultivar in Yasooj region. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 8 (3): 23-31. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Gonzalez, J. L., Schneiter, A. A., Riveland, N. R. and B. L. Johnson. 2002. Response of hybrid and open pollinated safflower to plant population. Agronomy Journal 86: 1070-1073.##Jalal Kamali, M. R., Sharifi, H. R., Khodarahmi, M., Jokar, R. and Torkaman, H. 2008. Variation in developmental stages and its relationships with yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars under field conditions: I- Phenology. Seed and Plant. 23: 445-472 (In Persian with English Abstract).##Kirby, E. J. M., Spink, J. H., Frost, D. L., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Scott, R. K., Foulkes, M. J., Clare, R. W. and Erans, E. J. 1999. A study of wheat development in the field: Analysis by phase. European Journal of Agronomy 11: 63-82.##Lemon, J. 2007. Nitrogen management for wheat protein and yield in the experience port zone. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Perth. Bulletin 4707. http://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/bulletins.##Lemerle, D., Verbeek, B. and Coombes, N. E. 1996. Intraction between wheat (Triticum aestivun L.) and diclofop to reduce the cost of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) control. Weed Science 44: 634-639.##Mazaheri, D. 2005. A study on the effect of cultivar and planting date on yield of barley cultivars in Jiroft. Proceedings of 9th Agronomy and Plant Breeding Conference. Pardis Aburaihan, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).##McDonald, G. K. 2002. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth grain yield and grain protein concentration of wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Reserch 43: 949-967.##Miralles, D. J., Ferro, B. C. and Slafer, G. A. 2001. Developmental responses to sowing date in wheat, barley and rapeseed. Field Crops Research 71: 211-223.##Noormohamadi, Gh., Syadat, S. and Kashani,A. 2002. Cereal Agriculture. Chamran University Press. pp: 13-187. (In Persian).##Russelle, M. P., Wilhelm, W. W., Olson, R. A. and Power, J. F. 1984. Growth analysis based on degree days. Crop Science 24: 28-32.##Samarah. N. H. and Al-Issa, T.A. 2006. Effect of planting date on seed yield and quality of barley under semi-arid Mediterranean condition. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 4: 222-225.##Sikder, S. 2009. Accumulation heat unit and phonology of wheat cultivars as influenced by late sowing heat stress condition. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 7 (1 and 2): 57-64.##Slafer, G. A. and Rawson, H. M. 1996. Response to photoperiod change with phenophase and temperature during wheat development. Field Crops Reserch 46: 1-13.##Slafer, G. A., Araus, J. L., Royo, C. and Moral, L. F. G. D. 2005. Promising ecophysiological traits for genetic improvement of cereal yields in Mediterranean environments. Annuals of Applied Biology 146: 61-70.