مطالعه برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط در ژنوتیپ‌های امیدبخش گندم نان در اقلیم سرد با استفاده از روش‌های AMMI و GGE-Biplot

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران

3 دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران

4 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی اردبیل، ایران

5 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران

6 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

7 محقق، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قزوین، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، قزوین، ایران

8 محقق، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات ، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ، مشهد، ایران

9 محقق، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران

10 محقق، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آ.شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران

11 محقق، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اراک، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط یکی از مسائل پیچیده در برنامه‌های به‌نژادی گیاهان برای تهیه ژنوتیپ‌های با عملکرد بالا و پایدار است که قبل از آزادسازی رقم‌های جدید طی آزمایش‌های چندناحیه‌ای ارزیابی می‌شود. وجود برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط باعث می‌شود که عملکرد ارقام تحت تاثیر محیط قرار گیرد و منجر به تفاوت عملکرد ارقام در محیط‌های مختلف شود. در میان روش‌های چند متغیره، مدل‌های AMMI و GGE-Biplot از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار هستند و قدرت تفکیک بالایی در شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های پایدار و با عملکرد بالا دارند. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی پایداری ژنوتیپ‌های امیدبخش گندم نان و شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های پایدار و با عملکرد بالا در اقلیم سرد کشور بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: تعداد 14 لاین گندم آبی با تیپ رشد زمستانه و بینابین (Facultative) به‌همراه ارقام شاهد میهن، حیدری، زرینه و زارع (جمعاً 18 ژنوتیپ) در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه‌های تحقیقاتی کرج، همدان، مشهد، جلگه‌رخ، میاندوآب، اردبیل، اراک، اقلید، تبریز و قزوین بررسی شدند. برای تجزیه داده‌ها ابتدا تجزیه واریانس ساده در هر سال و مکان و سپس تجزیه واریانس مرکب برای عملکرد دانه پس از تایید همگنی واریانس ‌خطاهای آزمایشی انجام شد. برای بررسی پایداری ژنوتیپ‌های مورد مطالعه نیز از دو روش AMMI و GGE-Biplot استفاده شد. همچنین، پارامترهای پایداری AMMI و شاخص‌های انتخاب هم‌زمان بر مبنای این پارامترها محاسبه شدند.
یافته‌های تحقیق: نتایج تجزیه مرکب نشان داد که اثرات اصلی محیط و ژنوتیپ و برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط به‌ترتیب 2/47، 8/9 و 3/28 درصد از مجموع مربعات کل داده‌ها را توجیه کردند. ژنوتیپ‌های G7، G8، G12، G2 و G1 به‌ترتیب بیش‌ترین و ژنوتیپ‌های G15، G18، G10، G13، G14 و G16 کم‌ترین مقدار عملکرد دانه را در بین ژنوتیپ‌های مورد بررسی دارا بودند. نتایج تجزیه AMMI وجود اختلاف معنی‌دار میان محیط‌ها، ژنوتیپ‌ها و برهمکنش بین آن‌ها را نشان داد. در این روش، 12 مؤلفه اصلی معنی‌دار با توجیه 98 درصد از واریانس برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط شناسایی شد و دو مؤلفه اصلی اول و دوم 27/46 درصد از تغییرات برهمکنش را تبیین کردند. بر اساس بای‌پلات AMMI1، ژنوتیپ‌های G8، G3، G1 و G4 و محیط‌های E9 و E5 با داشتن عملکرد دانه بسیار بالاتر از میانگین و مقدار بسیار پایین مؤلفه اول، به‌عنوان پایدارترین ژنوتیپ‌ها و محیط‌ها شناخته شدند. بای‌پلات AMMI2 ژنوتیپ خاصی را به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ با سازگاری عمومی شناسایی نکرد، با این‌حال ژنوتیپ‌های G3 و G4 تا حدودی نسبت به بقیه سازگاری عمومی بهتری را نشان دادند. بر اساس شاخص‌های انتخاب هم‌زمان مبتنی بر پارامترهای AMMI به‌ترتیب ژنوتیپ‌های G8، G12، G1، G4 و G3 با کم‌ترین مجموع رتبه، به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های پایدار و با عملکرد بالا انتخاب شدند. نتایج روش GGE-Biplot بر اساس بای‌پلات میانگین عملکرد و پایداری، ژنوتیپ‌های G8، G4، G3 و سپس G1 که دارای عملکرد دانه بالاتر از میانگین ژنوتیپ‌ها بودند را به‌عنوان پایدارترین ژنوتیپ‌ها معرفی کرد. بای‌پلات الگوی کدام-برتر-کجا، ژنوتیپ‌ها و محیط‌ها را به‌ترتیب به پنج و سه گروه تفکیک کرد. بر این اساس، ژنوتیپ‌های G12 ، G11 ، G3 و G4 در کرج و میاندوآب و ژنوتیپ‌های G7 ،G5 و G8 در جلگه‌ خ و مشهد در هر دو سال سازگاری بهتری را نشان دادند. با توجه به بای‌پلات رتبه‌بندی ژنوتیپ‌ها، ژنوتیپ ایده‌آلی وجود نداشت، ولی ژنوتیپ‌های G8، G3، G5، G7 و G4 با کم‌ترین فاصله از ژنوتیپ ایده‌آل فرضی، به‌عنوان برترین ژنوتیپ‌ها شناسایی شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تفاوت اندکی بین دو روش AMMI و GGE-Biplot وجود دارد و هر دو روش تا حدودی ژنوتیپ‌های یکسانی را به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های برتر معرفی کردند. ولی انتخاب ژنوتیپ‌ها بر مبنای شاخص‌های انتخاب هم‌زمان مبتنی بر پارامترهای تجزیه AMMI به‌دلیل در برگرفتن تمامی مؤلفه‌های معنی‌دار در محاسبه این پارامترها منطقی‌تر است. بنابراین بر مبنای شاخص‌های انتخاب هم‌زمان، ژنوتیپ‌های G8، G12، G1، G4 و G3 که دارای کم‌ترین مجموع رتبه بودند، به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های پایدار و با عملکرد بالا معرفی می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Studying genotype × environment interaction effect in promising bread wheat genotypes in the cold climate using AMMI and GGE-Biplot methods

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ashkboos Amini 1
  • Ali Akbar Asasdi 2
  • Mohammad Rezaie Moradala 3
  • Marefat Ghasemi 4
  • Mehrdad Chaichi 5
  • Masoud Ezzat Ahmadi 6
  • Seyed Karim Hosseini Bay 7
  • Ali Akbar Mahmoodi Pirahani 8
  • Parviz Salehi 9
  • Nader Mir Fakhraie 10
  • Taghi Babaei 11
  • Adel Ghadiri 11
1 Associate Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Zanjan, Iran
3 Associate Professor, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Urmia, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ardabil, Iran
5 Assistant Professor, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Hamedan, Iran.
6 Assistant Professor, Razavi Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
7 Researcher, Gazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gazvin, Iran
8 Researcher ,Razavi Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
9 Researcher, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
10 Researcher, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
11 Researcher, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Arak, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Genotype × environment interaction is one of the complex issues in plant breeding programs to introduce high yielding and stable genotypes, which is evaluated using multi-regional experiments before the release of new cultivars. The presence of genotype × environment interaction causes the yield of cultivars to be affected by the environment and leads to differences in the yield of cultivars in different environments. AMMI and GGE-Biplot models are very important among the multivariate methods and have high resolution in identifying high yielding and stable genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of promising bread wheat genotypes and to identify high yielding and stable genotypes in the cold climate of the Iran.
Materials and methods
Fourtheen wheat genotypes with winter and intermediate (facultative) growth type along with Mihan, Heydari, Zarrineh and Zare varieties as controls (a total of 18 genotypes) were investigated in randomized complete block design with three replications in research stations of Karaj, Hamadan, Mashhad, Jalgarokh, Miandoab, Ardabil, Arak, Eqlid, Tabriz and Qazvin. To analyze the data, first analysis of variance was seprately done in each year and location, and then combined analysis of variance was performed for grain yield after confirming the homogeneity of the variances of experimental errors. AMMI and GGE-Biplot methods were used to investigate the stability of the studied genotypes. AMMI stability parameters and simultaneous selection indices were also calculated based on these parameters.
Research findings
The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the main effect of environment and genotype and the interaction of genotype × environment accounted for 47.2, 9.8 and 28.3 percent of the total sum of squares, respectively. Genotypes G7, G8, G12, G2 and G1 had the highest grain yield and genotypes G15, G18, G10, G13, G14 and G16 had the lowest grain yield among the studied genotypes respectively. The results of AMMI analysis showed the existence of significant differences between environments, genotypes and their interactions. The first 12 significant principal components of AMMI analysis explained 98% of the genotype × environment interaction variance, and the first and second principal components explained a total of 46.27% of this variance. Based on the AMMI1 biplot, genotypes G8, G3, G1 and G4 and environments E9 and E5 with the higher grain yield than average grain yield and the lowest value of the first principal component were recognized as the most stable genotypes and environments. AMMI2 biplot did not identify a specific genotype as the genotype with general compatibility, however, G3 and G4 genotypes showed somewhat better general compatibility than the others. The simultaneous selection indices based on AMMI parameters identified G8, G12, G1, G4, and G3 genotypes with the lowest total rank as the stable and high yielding genotypes, respectively. The results of GGE-Biplot method based on biplot of the average yield and stability, introduced G8, G4, G3 genotypes followed by G1 as the most stable genotypes, due to grain yield higher than the average of the studied genotypes. Which-won-where biplot pattern divided the studied genotypes and environments into five and three groups, respectively, so that G12, G11, G3 and G4 genotypes in Karaj and Miandoab and G5, G7 and G8 genotypes in Jalgerokh and Mashhad showed better adaptation in both years. According to the biplot of the ranking of genotypes, there was no ideal genotype, but G8, G3, G5, G7 and G4 genotypes with the smallest distance from the hypothetical ideal genotype were identified as the best genotypes.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that there is a little difference between AMMI and GGE-Biplot analyzes and both methods presented the same genotypes as superior genotypes. However, it is more logical to select genotypes using simultaneous selection indices based on AMMI analysis parameters, because all significant components are included in the calculation of these parameters. Therefore, based on simultaneous selection indices, genotypes G8, G12, G1, G4 and G3 with the lowest total rank are introduced as stable and high yielding genotypes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Compatibility
  • Multi-regional experiments
  • Simultaneous selection index
  • Stability

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