نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: Wheat, as a strategically vital food crop, sustains significant annual losses due to weed pressure. Conservation tillage methods enhance soil properties and curb erosion, while also proving effective at managing weeds and contributing to improved grain yields. In addition, the quality of the carrier water used in spray tanks specifically its pH and hardness plays a critical role in herbicide performance.
Materials and Methods: This research was undertaken at the Koohdasht Agricultural Research Station with the aim of evaluating the interactions among various tillage practices (no-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage), water quality sources (well vs. spring water), and herbicide formulations (Othello and Axial-One). The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replicates. Herbicide treatments were applied during the tillering stage of wheat, when target weeds had reached the 2- to 4-leaf stage, using a meticulously calibrated sprayer. Sampling of weed populations was carried out at three different times after herbicide solution application: at one and two weeks post-spraying, to evaluate the initial injury and the more persistent herbicidal effects on both weeds and the wheat crop, respectively; and at four weeks after spraying, when quadrat sampling was used to determine weed density, percentage frequency, and dry weight. Furthermore, traits associated with wheat yield were assessed continuously up to the physiological maturity stage. Data processing and analysis were carried out using SAS (version 9.4), with treatment means being separated using LSD test at α = 0.05.
Results and Discussion: The Othello herbicide treatment exhibited the highest average percentage of weed suppression, with control efficiencies of 72.8% for catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), 76.1% for wild oat (Avena fatua L.), 23.3% for wild rye (Secale strictum L.), 77.5% for wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), and 77.8% for wild safflower (Carthamus oxyacanthus L.), respectively. Among all treatments, the three-way interaction of conventional tillage combined with well water and Othello herbicide resulted in the highest mean control percentage for the predominant weed species. Specifically, this treatment yielded suppression rates of 85.0%, 79.7%, 40.3%, 85.0%, and 85.3% for the aforementioned weed species, in that order. With respect to biological yield, the maximum values were obtained under the reduced tillage + well water + Othello (10071 kg ha⁻¹) and reduced tillage + well water + Axial-One (10010 kg ha⁻¹) treatments. Moreover, the greatest wheat grain yield (3444 kg ha⁻¹) was observed in the reduced tillage + well water + Othello treatment combination.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the most effective strategy for weed control was the implementation of conventional tillage systems along with the use of Othello herbicide and well water. In contrast, the no-tillage system, combined with spring water, demonstrated the lowest level of control. Regarding wheat yield, the reduced tillage system generally showed superiority, leading to the highest grain yield and its components; specifically, the combination of reduced tillage with well water and Othello herbicide was identified as the optimal condition. A noteworthy point was the occurrence of maximum crop phytotoxicity in wheat when using Axial One herbicide in combination with well water, a finding that necessitates careful management in the selection of herbicides and water quality.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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