ارزیابی انرژی مصرفی و تحلیل اقتصادی تولید گندم آبی در کشور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات ماشین‌های کشاورزی و مکانیزاسیون، موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

با افزایش روزافزون جمعیت و محدودیت‌های انرژی، دسترسی به انرژی کافی در آینده مشکل خواهد بود. ارزیابی بیلان انرژی می‌تواند یک روش علمی برای اندازه‌گیری میزان ثبات و پایداری یک اکوسیستم زراعی باشد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، ارزیابی روند انرژی مصرفی و تحلیل اقتصادی تولید گندم آبی در هفت استان کشور شامل البرز، اصفهان، اردبیل، خراسان‌رضوی، خوزستان، گلستان و همدان بود. اطلاعات مورد نیاز این تحقیق از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با کشاورزان تولیدکننده گندم آبی در استان‌های مورد مطالعه‌ جمع‌آوری شد. سپس با استفاده از معادلات هم‌ارز انرژی، مقدار نهاده‌های مصرفی و ستانده‌های تولید، انرژی ورودی و خروجی و شاخص‌های انرژی ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیش­ترین و کم­ترین انرژی ورودی با مقادیر 104701 و 07/26198 مگاژول بر هکتار به‌ترتیب از استان‌های خراسان‌رضوی و گلستان به‌دست آمد. استان‌های البرز و خراسان‌رضوی با مقادیر 28/162169 و 53/122297 مگاژول بر هکتار به‌ترتیب بیش­ترین و کم­ترین انرژی ستانده را در تولید گندم آبی داشتند. بیش­ترین سهم انرژی نهاده‌های مصرفی برای استان‌های البرز، اردبیل، خوزستان، گلستان و همدان مربوط به انرژی کودهای شیمیایی و برای استان‌های اصفهان و خراسان رضوی انرژی آبیاری بود. میانگین انرژی ورودی، انرژی ستانده، کارایی انرژی، بهره‌وری انرژی و افزوده خالص انرژی در استان‌های مورد مطالعه به‌ترتیب 83/58308 مگاژول بر هکتار، 15/136092 مگاژول بر هکتار، 87/2، 212/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول و 31/77783 مگاژول بر هکتار به­دست آمد. ماشین‌های کشاورزی با 87/34 درصد بیش­ترین سهم هزینه تولید را داشتند. بیش­ترین و کم­ترین بهره‌وری انرژی ورودی برای استان‌های گلستان و خراسان‌رضوی به‌ترتیب با مقادیر 38/0 و 08/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول تعیین شد. میانگین نسبت فایده به هزینه 16/2 و شاخص بهره‌وری اقتصادی 154/0 کیلوگرم در هزار ریال به‌دست آمد. به­طور کلی، نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که تولید گندم آبی در مناطق مورد مطالعه از نظر بیلان انرژی، توجیه‌پذیر و از نظر اقتصادی، مقرون به‌صرفه است. بنابراین، ضمن حفظ پایداری انرژی در تولید و اصول کشاورزی حفاظتی، می­توان اقدام به افزایش سطح زیر کشت تولید گندم آبی در مناطق مورد مطالعه کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Energy consumption assessment and economic analysis of irrigated wheat production in Iran

نویسنده [English]

  • Adel Vahedi
Research Assist. Prof., Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

With increasing world population and energy limitations, access to sufficient energy in the future will be difficult. Assessing the energy balance can be a scientific method to measure the stability and sustainability of an agroecosystem are considered. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy consumption and economic analysis of irrigated wheat production in seven provinces of Iran including Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan. Required information of this study was collected via questionnaires and face to face interviews with irrigated wheat farmers in the studied provinces. Then, using energy equivalence equations, input and output energies and energy indices were calculated. The results showed that the highest and lowest input energy were obtained from Khorasan-e-Razavi and Golestan provinces with 104701 and 26198.07 MJ.ha-1, respectively. Alborz and Khorasan-e-Razavi provinces had the highest and lowest output energy in irrigated wheat production with 162169.28 and 122297.53 MJ.ha-1, respectively. The maximum contribution of input energy for Alborz, Ardebil, Khuzestan, Golestan and Hamadan provinces was regarding to chemical fertilizers, while for Isfahan and Khorasan-e-Razavi was irrigation energy. Average input energy, output energy, energy ratio, energy productivity and net energy gain for all the studied provinces were 58308.83 MJ.ha-1, 136092.15 MJ.ha-1, 2.87, 0.212 kg.MJ-1 and 77783.31 MJ.ha-1, respectively. Agricultural machinery with 34.87% had the largest contribution of production cost. The highest and lowest energy productivity values were obtained from Golestan and Khorasan-e-Razavi provinces with 0.38 and 0.08 kg.MJ-1, respectively. The average benefit to cost ratio was 2.16 and the economic productivity index was 0.154 kg per 103 Rials. The results of current study showed that the production of irrigated wheat in the studied areas of Iran is justifiable in terms of economic and energy balance. Therefore, with respect to energy sustainability in production and conservation agriculture principles, it is possible to increase the cultivation area of irrigated wheat production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Benefit to cost ratio
  • Economic productivity
  • Energy index
  • Net energy gain
Abdi, R., Zarei Shahamat, E., Hematian, A. and Ghasemi Mobtaker, H. 2013. Optimization of energy required for wheat production in Kermanshah province of Iran. International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review 3(2): 414-422.##Burhan, O., Akcaoz, H. and Cemal, F. 2004. Energy input–output analysis in Turkish agriculture. Renewable Energy 29(1): 39-51.##Canakci, M., Topakci, M., Akinci, I. and Ozmerzi, A. 2005. Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: Case study for Antalya region, Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 46(4): 655-666.##Cochran, W. G. 1997. Sampling techniques. 3rdEdition. John Wiley & Sons. New York.  428 p.##Erdal, G., Esengün, K., Erdal, H. and Gündüz, O. 2007. Energy use and economic analysis of sugarbeet production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Energy 32(1): 35-41.##Esengun,K., Gunduz, O. and Erdal, G. 2007. Input–output energy analysis in dry apricot production of Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 48(2): 592-598.##FAO.2013.Food and Agriculture Organization. Available from: http://www.fao.org.##Ghahdarijani, M., Keyhani, A.R., Tabatabaeefar, A. and Omid, M. 2009. Evaluation and determination of energy consumption for potato production in various levels of cultivated areas in Isfahan province of Iran (Case study: West of Isfahan province). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources16(1): 183-195. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Ghasemi Mobtaker, H.G., Keyhani, A., Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, S. and Akram, A. 2010. Sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for barley production in Hamedan province of Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 137(3-4): 367-372.##Ghorbani, R., Mondani, F., Amirmoradi, S., Feizi, H., Khorramdel, S., Teimouri, M. and Aghel, H. 2011. A case study of energy use and economical analysis of irrigated and dryland wheat production systems. Applied Energy 88(1): 283-288.##Hamedani, S. R., Shabani, Z. and Rafiee, S. 2011. Energy inputs and crop yield relationship in potato production in Hamadan province of Iran. Energy 36(5): 2367-2371.##Kazemi , H. and Zare, S. 2014. Investigation and comparison of energy flow in wheat fields of Gorgan and Marvdasht townships. Cereal Research 4(3): 211-227. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Kitani, O. 1999. CIGR handbook of agricultural engineering.Vol. 5. Energy and biomass engineering. ASAE Publication, St Joseph, MI.##Mandal, K.G., Saha, K.P., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M. and Bandyopadhyay, K.K. 2002. Bioenergy and economic analysis of soybean based crop production systems in central India. Biomass Bioenergy 23(5):337-345.##Mehrabi Boshrabadi, H. and Ismaili, A. 2010. Analysis energy output-input in the agricultural sector of Iran. Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics 19(74):1-28. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Mohammadi, S., Maysami, M. A. and Ajabshirchi, Y. 2017. Energy consumption patterns of irrigated wheat production in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 3(2):33-41. (In Persian with English Abstract). ##Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, S., Mohtasebi, S. S. and Mousavi-Avval, S.H. 2011. Energy efficiency improvement and input cost saving in kiwifruit production using data envelopment analysis approach. Renewable Energy 36(9): 2573-2579.##Moghimi, M. R., Alasti, B. M. and Hadad Drafshi, M. A. 2013. Energy input-output and study on energy use efficiency for wheat production using DEA. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 5 (18): 2064-2070.##Mollaei, K., Keyhani, A., Karimi, M., Kheir Alipour, K. and Ghasemi, M. 2009. Energy ratio in rainfed wheat: Case study of Eghlid region. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 39(1): 13-19. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Mousavi-Avval, S.H., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A. and Mohammadi, A. 2011. Optimization of energy consumption for soybean production using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Applied Energy 88(11): 3756-3772.##Naderloo, L., Alimardani, R., Omid, M., Sarmadian, F., Javadikia, P., Torabi, M.Y. and Alimardani, F. 2012. Application of ANFIS to predict crop yield based on different energy inputs. Measurement 45(6): 1406-1413.##Ozkan, B., Akcaoz, H. and Fert, C. 2004. Energy input-output analysis in Turkish agriculture. Renewable Energy 29(1): 39-51.##Rahman, S. and Hasan, M.K. 2014. Energy productivity and efficiency of wheat farming in Bangladesh. Energy 66: 107-114.##Rafiee, S., Mousavi-Avval, S. H. and Mohammadi, A. 2010. Modeling and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for apple production in Iran. Energy 35(8): 3301-3306.##Rajaby, M.H., Soltani, A., Zeinali, E. and Soltani, E. 2012. Evaluation of energy use in wheat production in Gorgan. Journal of Plant Production 19(3): 143-172. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Shahin, S., Jafari, A., Mobli, H., Rafiee, S. and Karimi, M. 2008. Energy use and economic analysis of wheat production in Iran: A case study from Ardabil province. Journal of Agricultural Technology 4(1): 77-88.##Singh, G., Singh, S. and Singh, J. 2004. Optimization of energy inputs for wheat crop in Punjab. Energy Conversion and Management 45: 453-465.##Singh, H., Mishra, D. and Nahar, N. M. 2002. Energy use pattern in production agriculture of a typical village in arid zone, India-Part I. Energy Conversion and Management 43(16): 2275-2286.##Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture 2016.Statistic reports of agriculture. Vol. 1. Department of Planning and Economy. Statistics and Information Technology Office, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. Available from: http://dpe.agri-jahad.ir/portal/Home/ Default. (In Persian).##Taheri Asl, A. and Sadeghi, A. 2011. Requirements and solutions to optimize energy consumption in the agricultural sector.Proceedings of the 8thNational Conference on Energy. National Energy Committee,Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).##Vahedi, A. and Younesi Alamooti, M. 2016. Determining energy indices of broiler units in the province of Alborz. Agricultural Mechanization and Systems Research 17(67): 41-54. (In Persian with English Abstract).##Yilmaz, I., Akcaoz, H. and Ozkan, B. 2005. An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton productionin Turkey. Renewable Energy 30(2):145-155.##Zeinali, E. 2009. Wheat nitrogen nutrition in Gorgan:Agronomic, physiologic, and environmental aspects. Ph.D.Dissertation. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Gorgan, Iran. 201 p. (In Persian).