مدل‌سازی عوامل اثرگذار بر استفاده شالیکاران از کودهای آلی در کشت برنج (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان دزفول)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

2 دانشیار، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

3 استاد، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: برنج یکی از مهم‌ترین منابع غذایی مردم دنیا است، به‌طوری که بیش از 50 درصد از جمعیت دنیا از برنج به‌عنوان منبع غذایی استفاده می‌کنند. استفاده بی‌رویه شالیکاران از منابع انرژی، آب، خاک و کودهای شیمایی، چالش‌های زیادی را برای محیط زیست به‌وجود آورده است. بخش عمده چالش‌های محیط‏زیستی موجود، ریشه در نبود آگاهی و خودکارآمدی لازم در زمینه ارتباط انسان با طبیعت است. در سال‌های اخیر به رفتارهای حفاظت از محیط زیست به‌منزله یکی از اصلی‌ترین عامل‌های تاثیرگذار بر حفظ محیط زیست توجه بسیاری شده است. برای تغییر رفتار افراد باید پیش‌شرط‌های تغییر رفتارها شناسایی شوند. به‌همین دلیل از نظریه‌های روانشناختی استفاده زیادی به‌عمل می‌آید. هدف از اجرای این تحقیق، مدل‌سازی عوامل اجتماعی- روان‌شناختی اثرگذار بر استفاده شالیکاران از کودهای آلی در کشت برنج بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نظر ماهیت از نوع تحقیقات کمی، از نظر هدف از نوع کاربردی و از لحاظ گردآوری داده‌ها جزء تحقیقات توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل4700 شالیکار شهرستان دزفول، استان خوزستان، در سال 1401 بودند. نمونه‌گیری به‌روش خوشه‌ای انجام شد و حجم نمونه بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان، 360 نمونه برآورد شد. جامعه مورد مطالعه به چهار بخش، شهیون، سردشت، مرکزی و چغامیش تقسیم شده است که بخش‌های سردشت و شهیون به‌دلیل کوهستانی بودن و نبود شالیکار از جامعه مورد مطالعه حذف شدند و از این‌رو نمونه‌گیری به نسبت یکسان فقط از دو بخش مرکزی و چغامیش انجام شد. ابزار اصلی تحقیق، پرسش‌نامه محقق‌ساخته و از پیش آزمون‌شده بود. روایی صوری و محتوایی پرسش‌نامه با استفاده از نظر متخصصان و پایایی پرسش‌نامه با استفاده از آزمون ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی ارزیابی شد که مقدار آلفا برای تمامی بخش‌ها بالاتر 7/0 و پایایی ترکیبی بیش‌تر از 6/0 بود. به‌منظور تحلیل داده‌ها در بخش آمار توصیفی از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین و انحراف معیار و در بخش آمار استنباطی از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. تجزیه داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 26 و Smart Pls انجام شد.
یافته‌های تحقیق: در این تحقیق از تئوری رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده به‌عنوان چهارچوب نظری تحقیق استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق در دو بخش مدل اندازه‌گیری و ساختاری ارایه شده‌اند. نتایج به‌دست آمده از بخش مدل اندازه‌گیری نشان داد که شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری از نظر تک‌بعدی بودن نشانگرها، روایی و پایایی، و اعتبار تشخیصی مورد تایید بودند. در بخش مدل ساختاری نیز پس از بررسی شاخص‌های برازش شده، به آزمون فرضیات تحقیق پرداخته شد. به‌منظور بررسی معنی‌داری ضرایب مسیر (آماره بتا) از روش از سرگیری بوت استراپینگ در دو حالت 100 و 300 نمونه استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که تغییری در سطح معنی‌داری پارامترها در دو حالت ایجاد نشد و نتایج از اعتبار بالایی برخوردار بود، زیرا معنی‌دار بودن روابط بین متغیرها از حجم نمونه تاثیر نپذیرفت و تنها تغییری که ایجاد شد در مقدار آماره t-Student بود. بنابراین می‌توان در قالب مدل رگرسیونی فرضیات تحقیق را آزمون کرد. نتایج نشان داد که تمامی فرضیات تحقیق بر اساس روابط پیش‌بینی شده مورد تایید هستند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که متغیرهای تحقیق 5/60 درصد از به‌کارگیری کودهای آلی در کشت برنج را در میان شالیکاران مورد مطالعه تبیین کردند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که فقط عامل‌های اقتصادی نباید به‌عنوان متغیرهای پیش‌بینی رفتار در نظر گرفته شوند و متغیرهای اجتماعی و روان‌شناختی نیز ممکن است سهم به‌مراتب بیش‌تری داشته باشند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که تئوری مورد استفاده در این زمینه بسیار کارآمد بود و متغیرهای آن یعنی نگرش، هنجارهای ذهنی، کنترل رفتار درک‌شده و تمایل به استفاده از کودهای آلی در کشت برنج توانستند بیش از 60 درصد از واریانس رفتار شالیکاران در این زمینه را تبیین کنند. به‌طور کلی، با توجه به اینکه کنترل رفتار درک‌شده اهمیت بیش‌تری نسبت به سایر متغیرهای پژوهش دارد، بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود با برگزاری کارگاه‌ها و دوره‌های آموزشی، سطح خودکارآمدی شالیکاران در این زمینه افزایش یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Modeling the factors affecting the use of organic fertilizers by paddy farmers in rice cultivation (A case study: Dezful county)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Eskandari 1
  • Moslem Savari 2
  • Masoud yazdanpanah 3
1 Graduate M.Sc., Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran (* Corresponding author: savari@asnrukh.ac.ir)
3 Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Rice is one of the most important food sources for people in the world, so that more than 50% of the world’s population uses rice as a food source. The excessive use of energy, water, soil and chemical fertilizers by rice farmers has created many challenges for the environment. Most of the existing environmental challenges are rooted in the lack of necessary awareness and self-efficiency in the field of human-nature relationship. In recent years, much attention has been paid to environmental protection behaviors as one of the main factors affecting environmental protection. To change people's behavior, the prerequisites for changing behavior must be identified. Therefore, psychological theories can be widely used. The objective of this research was to model the socio-psychological factors affecting the use of organic fertilizers by paddy farmers.
Materials and methods
This study is a quantitative research in term of nature, applied and practical in purpose, and descriptive correlation in data collection. The statistical population of this research included 4700 paddy farmers in Dezful country, Khuzestan province, Iran, in 2021. Sampling was performed by cluster method and the sample size was estimated to be 360 samples based on the Karjesi and Morgan table. The studied population is divided into four sections, Shahiun, Sardasht, Markazi, and Chaghamish, which Sardasht and Shahyoun sections were excluded due to their mountainous nature and the absence of paddy farmers, and sampling with tha same proportion was done only from the two sections, Markazi and Chaghamish. The main research tool was a researcher-made and pre-tested questionnaire. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was based on expert’s opinions and the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability tests. The alpha value and the composite reliability for all sections was higher than 0.7 and 0.6, respectively. SPSS version 26 and Smart Pls software were used to analyze the data in two descriptive and inferential sections. For data analysis, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used for the descriptive statistics section, and structural equation modeling was used for the inferential statistics section.
Research findings
In this research, the theory of planned behavior was used as the theoretical framework of the research. The results are presented in two parts, measurement and structural model. The results from the measurement model showed that the measurement items were confirmed in terms of one-dimensionality of indicators, validity and reliability, and diagnostic validity. In the structural model section, after evaluating the fitted indices, the research hypotheses were tested. To evaluate the significance of the path coefficients (beta statistic), bootstrapping resumption method in two modes of 100 and 300 samples was used. The results showed that there was no change in the significance levels of the parameters in two cases. In the other words, the results were highly validity, because the significance of the relationships between the variables was not affected by the sample size, and only the value of the t-Student statistic changed. Therefore, it is possible to test the research hypotheses in the form of regression model. The results indicated that all research hypotheses are confirmed based on the predicted relationships. The results also showed that the research variables explained 60.5% of the application of organic fertilizers in rice cultivation among the studied paddy farmers.
Conclusion
The results of the current study showed that only economic factors should not be considered as variables predicting behavior, and social and psychological variables may also have a greater contribution. The results indicated that the theory used in this field was very efficient, and its variables including attitude, mental norms, perceived behavior control and willingness to use organic fertilizer in rice cultivation could explain more than 60% of the variance of paddy farmer’s behavior in this field. Explain the context. In total, since perceived behavior control was more important than other research variables, it is suggested to increase the self-efficiency level of paddy farmers in this field by holding workshops and training courses.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Food security
  • Psychological variables
  • Social variables
  • Theory of planned behavior
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